-us

See also: us, uș

Laefevian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-us/ [-us]

Etymology 1

Conflation of two different suffixes:

• From Proto-Laefevic *-éɣəh, from Proto-Laenkean *-éges.
• From Proto-Laefevic *-óɣəh, from Proto-Laenkean *-ógos.

Suffix

-us (adjectival, light us-stem, heavy us-stem)

1. (unproductive, fossilised) A structural suffix used to denote the presence of a quality in some degree, tendency to or proneness to.

   *dʱiɟéges (“clean, pure”) → *dʱiɟéges → ðêjus (“pure”)

   *ɟiwkʰ- (“to be warm”) → *ɟukʰéges → jyhus (“cosy, homey, homely”)

   *bʱek- (“to arise”) → *bʱikéges → vêkus (“fresh”)

   *kʼyrb- (“to eat”) → *kʼr̥bógos → gurus (“corrosive, caustic”)

   *peŋ- (“to beget”) → *pigr̥ŋógos → jorjus (“fertile”)

2. (by extension, unproductive) Used to form adjectives from nouns or verbs, to denote the presence of a quality in some degree (typically abundance of).

   Synonym: -isus

   þwel (“peace”) → þwelus (“calm, quiet, peaceful”)

   juonte (“joy, delight, happiness”) → juontus (“joyous, happy”)

   hranad (“to die”) → hranus (“dead”)

Usage notes

Both suffixes are unproductive in modern Laefevian but the second sense was somewhat productive in pre-modern Laefevian and the suffixes were simply attached to the stem. Adjectives belonging to sense 1 can be traced all the way back to Proto-Laenkean, or Proto-Laefevic at least, when root gradation was still in effect. Adjectives belonging to sense 2 do not exibit any root gradation.

Declension

Light us-stem declension:

Primary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-us	-ind	-ir
accusative	-ide	-indi	-iri
genitive	-ida	-indas	-is
dative	-in	-indon	-iron
locative	-il	-indos	-iros
instrumental	-ivô	-indêt	-irêt

Secondary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-idere	-indire	-irire
illative	-idele	-indile	-irile
benefactive	-idear	-indiar	-iriar
prolative	-idekwe	-indikwe	-irikwe
causal-final	-idedis	-indirris	-irris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-idôka	-indirka	-irka
elative	-idôtan	-indirtan	-irtan
egressive	-idaôn	-indiruôn	-iruôn
essive	-idôjøn	-indirjøn	-irjøn
abessive	-idôze	-indirse	-irse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-imas	-indirmas	-irmas
lative	-inši	-indirši	-irši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-inere, -iner	-indirorre, -indorre	-irorre
inessive	-ille	-indirolle, -indolle	-irolle
exessive	-inun	-indirsun	-irsun
perlative	-iffêl	-indirfêl	-irfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-ivôske	-indirêske, -indêske	-irêske
comitative	-ivôd	-indirtôd, -indôd	-irtôd

Heavy us-stem declension:

Primary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-us	-und	-ur
accusative	-ude	-undi	-uri
genitive	-uda	-undas	-us
dative	-un	-undon	-uron
locative	-ul	-undos	-uros
instrumental	-uvô	-undêt	-urêt

Secondary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-udere	-undire	-urire
illative	-udele	-undile	-urile
benefactive	-udear	-undiar	-uriar
prolative	-udekwe	-undikwe	-urikwe
causal-final	-udedis	-undirris	-urris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-udôka	-undirka	-urka
elative	-udôtan	-undirtan	-urtan
egressive	-udaôn	-undiruôn	-uruôn
essive	-udôjøn	-undirjøn	-urjøn
abessive	-udôze	-undirse	-urse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-umas	-undirmas	-urmas
lative	-unši	-undirši	-urši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-unere, -uner	-undirorre, -undorre	-urorre
inessive	-ulle	-undirolle, -undolle	-urolle
exessive	-unun	-undirsun	-ursun
perlative	-uffêl	-undirfêl	-urfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-uvôske	-undirêske, -undêske	-urêske
comitative	-uvôd	-undirtôd, -undôd	-urtôd

Derived terms

▶ Laefevian terms suffixed with -us

• isus (“-ous, -ive”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Laenkean *-owkʼos.

Suffix

-us (adjectival, possessive stem, oblique: -ug-)

1. (productive) Forms possessive adjectives, typically from names or kinship terms.

   vant (“father”) → vantus (“father's”)

   letta (“mother”) → lettus (“mother's”)

   šøst (“brother”) → šøstus (“brother's”)

   nyþ (“sister”) → nyþus (“sister's”)

   Neavid (personal name) → Neavidus (“Neavid's”)

2. (productive) Forms adjectives meaning “of or pertaining to” from plant names.

   þøba (“beech”) → þøbus (“of beech, pertaining to beech”)

   hñeor (“spruce”) → hñeorus (“of spruce, pertaining to spruce”)

   arkas (“pine”) → arkaus (“of pine, pertaining to pine”)

   bêwirþ (“garlic”) → bêwirþus (“of garlic, pertaining to garlic”)

   aldeor (“ramson”) → aldeorus (“of ramson, pertaining to ramson”)

3. (productive) Forms adjectives meaning “of or pertaining to” from chemical elements.

   epur (“carbon”) → epurus (“of carbon, carbonic”)

   ažžênj (“hydrogen”) → ažžênjus (“of hydrogen, hydric, hydrogenic”)

   emar (“iron”) → emarus (“of iron, ferrous, ferric”)

   ðêllessai (“sodium”) → ðêllessais (“of sodium, sodic”)

Declension

Primary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-us	-ugind	-ugir
accusative	-uge	-ugindi	-ugi
genitive	-ugau	-ugindas	-ugas
dative	-ugin	-ugindon	-ugiron
locative	-ugil	-ugindos	-ugiros
instrumental	-ugô	-ugindêt	-ugirêt, -ugêt

Secondary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-ugere	-ugindire	-ugire
illative	-ugele	-ugindile	-ugile
benefactive	-ugear	-ugindiar	-ugiar
prolative	-ugekwe	-ugindikwe	-ugikwe
causal-final	-ugedis	-ugindirris	-ugirris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-ugôka	-ugindirka	-ugirka
elative	-ugôtan	-ugindirtan	-ugirtan
egressive	-ugaôn	-ugindiruôn	-ugiruôn
essive	-ugôjøn	-ugindirjøn	-ugirjøn
abessive	-ugôze	-ugindirse	-ugirse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-ugimas	-ugindirmas	-ugirmas
lative	-uginši	-ugindirši	-ugirši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-uginere, -uginer	-ugindirorre, -ugindorre	-ugirorre, -ugorre
inessive	-ugille	-ugindirolle, -ugindolle	-ugirolle, -ugolle
exessive	-uginun	-ugindirsun	-ugirsun
perlative	-ugiffêl	-ugindirfêl	-ugirfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-ugôske	-ugindirêske, -ugindêske	-ugirêske, -ugêske
comitative	-ugôsôd, -ugôd	-ugindirtôd, -ugindôd	-ugirtôd

Derived terms

▶ Laefevian terms suffixed with -us

• -ugent
• -ugwirs

Radestrian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ɤs/

Etymology 1

Deadjectival from -liș.

Suffix

-us inan (nominal, countable, genitive singular -vu, nominative plural -ui, compound form -u-, -v-, relational adjective -viș)

1. derives like things

   nýrims (“egg”) → nýrinus (“oval”)

2. (chemistry) derives names of substances, -ine, -in

   láfus (“coffee”) → láfuus (“caffeine”)

3. (taxonomy) forms names of tribe members, -in, -ea

   lyejþs (“human”) → lyejðus (“hominin”)

Declension

Declension of -us (heavy)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ui
vocative		-use
genitive	proper	-vu	-viris
	constructive		-vis
dative		-va	-virín
accusative		-ud	-virid
instrumental		-vúr	-viríe

Derived terms

• -vans (“-ini, -eae”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Radestrian -hór, -huss, from Old Radestrian -hōr, inherited from Proto-Radic *-howur, from Proto-Hirdic *hóhus. from Proto-Laenkean *hoʔ-.

Suffix

-us inan (nominal, genitive singular -ug, nominative plural -ui, compound form -u-, relational adjective -uiș)

1. forms river names

   *Rín- → Rjenus (“the Rhine”)

Usage notes

• Causes breaking.

Declension

Declension of -us (spirant)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ui
vocative		-ûse
genitive	proper	-ug	-uiris
	constructive		-uis
dative		-ova	-uirín
accusative		-ud	-uirid
instrumental		-ovúr	-uiríe

Derived terms

▶ Radestrian terms suffixed with -us