-ja

Laefevian

Etymology

From Proto-Laenkean *-(i)ɟɯs, an agent-forming suffix.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ja/ [-i̯a]

Suffix

-ja (heavy vowel stem)

1. Used to form agent nouns from verbs; analogous to the English suffix -er.

   njotad (“to read”) → njotja (“reader”)

   sênad (“to write”) → sên·ja (“writer”)

   volad (“to teach”) → vol·ja (“teacher”)

   navad (“to hunt”) → navja (“hunter”)

2. Used to form terms of occupations from nouns; similar to English -er or -man.

   ront (“ore”) → rontja (“miner”)

   vlant (“bow”) → vlantja (“bowyer”)

   seus (“arrow”) → seukja (“fletcher”)

   ñêlpe (“craft”) → ñêlpja (“craftsman”)

3. Used in compound suffixes to denote a person who studies or practices whatever the base noun means; similar to English -ist or -er.

   -sellens (“-logy”) → -sell·ja (“-logist”)

   neasellens (“astronomy”) → neasell·ja (“astronomer”)

   rintisellens (“biology”) → rintisell·ja (“biologist”)

   olbôntisellens (“chemistry”) → olbôntisell·ja (“chemist”)

   -sênnent (“-graphy”) → -sell·ja (“-logist”)

   êrrisênnent (“geography”) → êrrisênn·ja (“geographer”)

   tanǧintisênnent (“etymology”) → tanǧintisênn·ja (“etymologist”)

   -fiðent (“-metry”) → -fiðja (“-metrist”)

   êrrifiðent (“geodesy, land surveying”) → êrrifiðja (“geodesist, land surveyor”)

4. Used to form demonyms from place names, including country names; certain endings may be dropped when this suffix is added.

   Laefêvva (“Laefevia”) → Laefêvja (“Laefevian (person)”)

   Mirkun (“Mirkun, a region in Laefevia”) → Mirkunja (“Mirkuner, a person from Mirkun”)

Usage notes

• The suffix causes palatalisation of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster in sense 4 but not in senses 1-3.

Declension

Primary case declension of -ja (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-ja	-jand	-jar
accusative	-jade	-jandi	-jai
genitive	-jada	-jandas	-jas, -jaras†
dative	-jan	-jandon	-jaron
locative	-jal	-jandos	-jaros
instrumental	-javô	-jandêt	-jarêt

Secondary case declension of -ja (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-jadere	-jandire	-jarire
illative	-jadele	-jandile	-jarile
benefactive	-jadear	-jandiar	-jariar
prolative	-jadekwe	-jandikwe	-jarikwe
causal-final	-jadis	-jandire	-jarris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-jadôka	-jandirka	-jarka
prolative	-jadôtan	-jandirtan	-jartan
egressive	-jadaôn	-jandiruôn	-jaruôn
essive	-jadôjøn	-jandirjøn	-jarjøn
prolative	-jadôze	-jandirse	-jarse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-jamas	-jandirmas	-jarmas
lative	-janši	-jandirši	-jarši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-janeres, -janerc	-jandirorres, -jandorrec	-jarorre
inessive	-jalle	-jandirolles, -jandollec	-jarolle
exessive	-janun	-jandirsun	-jarsun
perlative	-jaffêl	-jandirfêl	-jarfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-javôske	-jandirêskes, -jandêskec	-jarêske
comitative	-jasôd	-jandirtôds, -jandôdc	-jartôd

Derived terms

• -fiðja (“-metrist”)
• -kja (“-er, -ist”)
• -oja (“-er”)
• -sell·ja (“-logy”)
• -sênn·ja (“-grapher”)

See also

• -essa
• -est
• -iella
• -ož
• -êlj

Riyan

Etymology

From a form of the Proto-Riyanic diminutive ending *-jăḡă after /ɣ/, resulting in elision.

Suffix

-ja

1. alternative form of -jaŗ

Derived terms

• dreŗa (“book”)
• spirța (“molecule”)