-est

Laefevian

Etymology

Nominalised form of -is, equivalent to -is + -þ (-noun-deriving suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-est/ [-est]

Suffix

-est (nominal, consonant stem)

1. (productive) Added to transitive verbs to form words meaning a person or thing that is the object of that verb (i.e., to whom or to which an action is done); akin to English -ee.

   volad (“to teach”) → voljest (“learner, pupil, student”)

   lestynad (“to domesticate”) → lestynjest (“domestic animal”)

   ôhñôevad (“to add, to sum”) → ôhñôelvest (“addend, summand, augend”)

   ynad (“to know”) → ynjest (“acquaintance”)

   nekad (“to catch”) → nešest (“captive”)

2. (productive) Added to nouns to create terms for people who attend, participate in, or go to an event; similar to English -goer.

   ôdøst (“fair”) → ôdøssest (“fairgoer”)

   juohda (“festival”) → juohdest (“festivalgoer”)

   vidulno (“theatre”) → vidulnøst (“theatregoer”)

Usage notes

The suffix causes palatalisation of the final stem consonant or consonant cluster in sense 1 but may not always happen in sense 2.

Declension

Primary case declension of -est (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-est	-estund	-estir
accusative	-este	-estundi	-esti
genitive	-estau	-estundas	-estas, -estiras†
dative	-estun	-estundon	-estirons, -estonc
locative	-estul	-estundos	-estiross, -estosc
instrumental	-estô	-estundêt	-estirêts, -estêtc
Note: † archaic, s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.

Secondary case declension of -est (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-estere	-estundire	-estire
illative	-estele	-estundile	-estile
benefactive	-estear	-estundiar	-estiar
prolative	-estekwe	-estundikwe	-estikwe
causal-final	-estedis	-estundirris	-estirris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-estôka	-estundirka	-estirka
elative	-estôtan	-estundirtan	-estirtan
ablative	-estaôn	-estundiruôn	-estiruôn
essive	-estôjøn	-estundirjøn	-estirjøn
abessive	-estôze	-estundirse	-estirse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-estumas	-estundirmas	-estirmas
lative	-estunši	-estundirši	-estirši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-estuneres, -estunerc	-estundirorres, -estundorrec	-estirorres, -estorrec
inessive	-estulle	-estundirolles, -estundollec	-estirolles, -estollec
exessive	-estunun	-estundirsun	-estirsun
perlative	-estuffêl	-estundirfêl	-estirfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-estôske	-estundirêskes, -estundêskec	-estirêskes, -estêskec
comitative	-estôsôds, -estôdc	-estundirtôds, -estundôdc	-estirtôd
Note: s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.

Derived terms

▶ Laefevian terms suffixed with -est

See also

• -essa
• -iella
• -ja
• -ož
• -êlj

Radestrian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ɛst/

Pronoun

-est

1. post-consonantal accusative clitic of ú; me