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{{also|èr}}
{{multilang}}
== Laefevian ==
== Laefevian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
=== Alternative forms ===
Line 5: Line 7:
=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
{{root|lfv|lnk-pro|hæjz-}}
{{root|lfv|lnk-pro|hæjz-}}
From {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-|hæjzi}}. Cognate with {{m+|rad|er|nobold=true}}.
From {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-|hæjzi}}. {{cog|lfv
|rad=er<nobold:true>
}}.


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{lfv-pr}}
{{lfv-pr}}
* {{rhymes|lfv|er}}


=== Preposition ===
=== Preposition ===
{{lfv-prep|relational}}
{{head|lfv|preposition}}
{{head|lfv|preposition}}
# {{label|lfv|relational}} {{eng|about}} {{+|l=lfv|pos=preposition|loc}} (used to express the topic or object of speech, text, thought or similar)
# {{label|lfv|relational}} {{eng|about}} {{+|lfv prep|loc}} (used to express the topic or object of speech, text, thought or similar)
#: {{ex|lfv|<b>Er</b> minun rinsolevvan?|What are you thinking <b>about</b>?}}
#: {{ex|lfv|<b>Er</b> minun rinsolevvan?|What are you thinking <b>about</b>?}}


==== Usage notes ====
==== Usage notes ====
{{lfv-prep-pron|1s=erven|2s=ersen|3sa=erjen|3si=ellen|1di=erþos|1de=erdos|2d=erfos|3da=ellos|3di=ellos|1pi=ergwos|1pe=erdos|2p=erros|3pa=ellos|3pi=elljos|r=ergen}}
{{lfv-prep-pron|1s=erven|2s=ersen|3sa=erjen|3si=ellen|1di=erþos|1de=erðos|2d=erfos|3da=ellos|3di=ellos|1pi=ergwos|1pe=erdos|2p=erros|3pa=ellos|3pi=elljos|r=ergen}}


== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==
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from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-|hæjzi}}.
from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-|hæjzi}}.
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-}}
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|hæjz-}}
Cognate with {{m+|lfv|er|nobold=true}}.
{{cog|rad
|lfv=er<nobold:true>
}}.


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
Line 42: Line 50:
{{head|rad|preposition
{{head|rad|preposition
}}
}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|on}}, {{eng|at}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|dat}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|on}}, {{eng|at}} {{+|rad prep|dat}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b>ja loráleva|<b>on</b> the table}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b>ja loráleva|<b>on</b> the table}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b>ja revacen|<b>at</b> the roundabout}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b>ja revacen|<b>at</b> the roundabout}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|onto}}, {{eng|to}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|acc}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|onto}}, {{eng|to}} {{+|rad prep|acc}}
# {{label|rad|temporal}} {{eng|at}} (clock time) {{+|dat}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|in}} (a settlement) {{+|rad prep|dat}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Er</b> Pariva vage.|I'm <b>in</b> Paris.}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|to}}  (a settlement) {{+|rad prep|acc}}
# {{label|rad|temporal|with *-'s* for 12h clock}} {{eng|at}} (clock time) {{+|rad prep|dat}}
#: {{ex|rad|*er* ara’s|*at* one o’clock}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b> sjavair·dríga|<b>at</b> 18:00}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>er</b> sjavair·dríga|<b>at</b> 18:00}}


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* Refers to horizontal (superior) surfaces and unbound spaces.
* Refers to horizontal (superior) surfaces and unbound spaces.
{{rad-prep|a=erja|ag=erjag|ai=erjai|u=erju}}
{{rad-prep|a=erja|ag=erjag|ai=erjai|u=erju}}
* The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:
{{rad-enclisis|dat|acc|n=nger|á=ájer|a=air|ud=ûder}}
<small>
 
{| class="wikitable inflection table" style="text-align: center" width=100%
==== Derived terms ====
! colspan=22 | Combined pronominal forms of ''{{here}}''&nbsp;
{{columns|rad
|-
|er-
! rowspan=4 | case
}}
! colspan=11 | personal
 
! colspan=2 | interrogative-<br>existential
==== Related terms ====
! colspan=2 | demonstrative
{{columns|rad
! colspan=6 | quantifier
|hjáre-
|-
}}
! colspan=4 | <small>SG</small>
! colspan=5 | <small>PL</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>REFL</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>RECP</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>PROX</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>DIST</small>
! colspan=2 | collective
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | general indefinite
|-
! rowspan=2 | <small>1</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>2</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>3</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>1</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>2</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>3</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
|-
! <small>ANIM</small>
! <small>INAN</small>
! <small>INCL</small>
! <small>EXCL</small>
! <small>ANIM</small>
! <small>INAN</small>
|-
! {{+|dative}}
| {{l|rad|venger}} || {{l|rad|ranger}} || {{l|rad|vânger}} || {{l|rad|vanger}} || {{l|rad|dzmenger}} || {{l|rad|dzatunger}} || {{l|rad|sjánger}} || {{l|rad|vjenger}} || {{l|rad|vainger}}
| {{l|rad|dzinger}} || {{l|rad|dzjenger}}
| {{l|rad|bjájer}} || {{l|rad|binger}}
| {{l|rad|kair}} || {{l|rad|okair}}
| {{l|rad|vájer}} || {{l|rad|uvair}}
| {{l|rad|bájer}} || {{l|rad|bunger}}
| {{l|rad|bjájer-vá}} || {{l|rad|binger-vá}}
|-
! {{+|accusative}}
| {{l|rad|vester}} || {{l|rad|raster}} || {{l|rad|vâster}} || {{l|rad|vaster}} || {{l|rad|dzmeder}} || {{l|rad|dzatûder}} || {{l|rad|sjáder}} || {{l|rad|vjeder}} || {{l|rad|vaider}}
| {{l|rad|dzister}} || {{l|rad|dzjeder}}
| {{l|rad|bjáster}} || {{l|rad|bister}}
| {{l|rad|kader}} || {{l|rad|okader}}
| {{l|rad|vaoster}} || {{l|rad|utader}}
| {{l|rad|byester}} || {{l|rad|buster}}
| {{l|rad|bjáster-vá}} || {{l|rad|bister-vá}}
|}
</small>


==== See also ====
==== See also ====
{{rad-sprep}}
{{rad-sprep}}
{{rad-tprep}}
{{rad-tprep}}

Latest revision as of 13:42, 13 October 2024

See also: èr

Laefevian

Alternative forms

  • el (when followed by l or hl)

Etymology

From Proto-Laenkean *hæjzi. Cognate with Radestrian er.

Pronunciation

Preposition

er

  1. (relational) about [with locative] (used to express the topic or object of speech, text, thought or similar)
    Er minun rinsolevvan?
    What are you thinking about?

Usage notes

  • When followed by a personal pronoun, er may combine with the pronoun to produce the following forms:
Combined forms of er
Singular Dual* Plural Reflexive
+ vynyn erven + þiros erþos + angwos ergwos + angun ergen
+ þidos erðos + njundos erdos
+ sundun ersen + fuljos erfos + sarros erros
+ janun erjen + landos ellos + laros ellos
+ aldun ellen + lundos ellos + aljos elljos
*Note: Combined forms of the dual pronouns are rarely used; non-combined forms are preferred.

Radestrian

Alternative forms

  • -er (pronominal enclitic)
  • -ger (pronominal enclitic after -n)
  • -ir (pronominal enclitic after -a)
  • -jer (pronominal enclitic after any other vowel)

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian hêri, heri, êri, eri, from Old Radestrian hêri, inherited from Proto-Radic *hêri, from Proto-Hirdic *hɛ̄́zi, from Proto-Laenkean *hæjzi. Cognate with Laefevian er.

Pronunciation

Preposition

er

  1. (spatial) on, at [with dative]
    erja loráleva
    on the table
    erja revacen
    at the roundabout
  2. (spatial) onto, to [with accusative]
  3. (spatial) in (a settlement) [with dative]
    Er Pariva vage.
    I'm in Paris.
  4. (spatial) to (a settlement) [with accusative]
  5. (temporal with -'s for 12h clock) at (clock time) [with dative]
    er ara’s
    at one o’clock
    er sjavair·dríga
    at 18:00

Usage notes

  • Refers to horizontal (superior) surfaces and unbound spaces.
  • When followed by the definite article, er combines with the article to produce the following forms:
Combined forms of er
+ a + a' + ag + ai + i + u
erja erja' erjag erjai unchanged
(er i) 		erju
  • The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:

Combined pronominal forms of er 
case personal
SG PL REFL RECP
1 2 3 1 2 3
ANIM INAN INCL EXCL ANIM INAN
ú re vâs vara dzun dzate sjáște vír vara dzist dzjed
[dative] venger
/ˈvɛŋɡɛr/		 ranger
/ˈraŋɡɛr/		 vânger
/ˈvɤŋɡɛr/		 vanger
/ˈvaŋɡɛr/		 dzmenger
/ˈdzmɛŋɡɛr/		 dzatunger
/ˈdzatɤŋɡɛr/		 sjánger
/ˈʃaːŋɡɛr/		 vjenger
/ˈvjɛŋɡɛr/		 vainger
/ˈvaiŋɡɛr/		 dzinger
/ˈdziŋɡɛr/		 dzjenger
/ˈdʒɛŋɡɛr/
[accusative] vester
/ˈvɛstɛr/		 raster
/ˈrastɛr/		 vâster
/ˈvɤstɛr/		 vaster
/ˈvastɛr/		 dzmeder
/ˈdzmɛdɛr/		 dzatûder
/ˈdzatɤdɛr/		 sjáder
/ˈʃaːdɛr/		 vjeder
/ˈvjɛdɛr/		 vaider
/ˈvaidɛr/		 dzister
/ˈdzistɛr/		 dzjeder
/ˈdʒɛdɛr/
case number interrogative-
existential		 demonstrative quantifier
ANIM INAN PROX DIST indefinite general indefinite collective
ANIM INAN ANIM INAN ANIM INAN
bjaș bjar kjes okjes baus bvar bjaș-á bjar-á vaus var
[dative] SG bjájer
/ˈbjaːjɛr/		 binger
/ˈbiŋɡɛr/		 kair
/kair/		 okair
/ˈɔkair/		 bájer
/ˈbaːjɛr/		 bunger
/ˈbɤŋɡɛr/		 bjájer-á
/ˈbjaːjɛraː/		 binger-á
/ˈbiŋɡɛraː/		 vájer
/ˈvaːjɛr/		 uvair
/ˈuvair/
PL bjainger
/ˈbjaiŋɡɛr/		 bjenger
/ˈbjɛŋɡɛr/		 tenger
/ˈtɛŋɡɛr/		 otenger
/ɔˈtɛŋɡɛr/		 baunger
/ˈbauŋɡɛr/		 bønger
/ˈbœŋɡɛr/		 bjainger-á
/ˈbjaiŋɡɛraː/		 bjenger-á
/ˈbjɛŋɡɛraː/
[accusative] SG bjáster
/ˈbjaːstɛr/		 bister
/ˈbistɛr/		 kader
/ˈkadɛr/		 okader
/ˈɔkadɛr/		 byester
/ˈbiestɛr/		 buster
/ˈbɤstɛr/		 bjáster-á
/ˈbjaːstɛraː/		 bister-á
/ˈbistɛraː/		 vaoster
/ˈvɔːstɛr/		 utader
/ˈutadɛr/
PL bjaider
/ˈbjaidɛr/		 bjeder
/ˈbjɛdɛr/		 teder
/ˈtɛdɛr/		 oteder
/ˈɔtɛdɛr/		 bauder
/ˈbaudɛr/		 bøder
/ˈbœdɛr/		 bjaider-á
/ˈbjaidɛraː/		 bjeder-á
/ˈbjɛdɛraː/

Derived terms

Related terms

See also

Radestrian spatial prepositions
space position goal source transit
exterior lara
[genitive]
outside 		lara
[accusative]
outside 		allara
[genitive]
from outside 		ýra
[accusative]
past, by
interior
(bound space) 		la
[dative]
in, at 		la
[accusative]
into, to 		an
[genitive]
out, from 		ý
[accusative]
through
immersion tí
[instrumental]
between, amidst, in 		latí
[accusative]
between, into 		antí
[genitive]
from between, out
establishment sje
[dative]
at 		sá
[dative]
to 		tí
[accusative]
from
boundary ní
[instrumental]
by, at, beside 		ynan
[dative]
along
plane
(unbound space) 		er
[dative]
on, at 		er
[accusative]
onto, to 		ý
[accusative]
through
superior surface ha
[genitive]
off 		teșa
[genitive]
across, over
vertical/inferior
surface 		yn
[dative]
on 		yn
[accusative]
onto 		an
[genitive]
off 		ynan
[dative]
across, along
company vas
[instrumental]
with
absence ir
[accusative]
without
centre ralga
[genitive]
in the middle of 		lavas
[accusative]
into the middle of 		anvas
[genitive]
from the middle of 		ervas
[dative]
around
anterior svíma
[dative]
in front of, before, opposite 		svíma
[accusative]
towards, against 		ansvíma
[genitive]
from in front of
posterior ha
[dative]
behind, after 		ha
[accusative]
behind, after 		ana
[genitive]
from behind
superior fje
[dative]
above 		fje
[accusative]
above 		anfje
[genitive]
from above
inferior taon
[dative]
below 		taon
[accusative]
below 		andaon
[genitive]
from below
vicinity nvieru
[genitive]
near 		hjeral
[genitive]
around
Radestrian temporal prepositions
before time frame after
beginning point of reference end
svíma
[dative]
before, ago 		tí
[instrumental]
within, in 		ha
[dative]
after, in
an
[genitive]
from (… on) 		ha
[accusative]
for
an
[genitive]
since, for 		yn
[accusative]
until, by, for
ý
[accusative]
during
sje
[dative]
at, with, upon (event)
er
[dative]
at (clock time)
la
[dative]
on (day), in (month)
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