-us: Difference between revisions

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{{also|us|uș}}
{{multilang}}
== Laefevian ==
=== {{Etymology|lfv|1}} ===
Conflation of two different suffixes:
* From {{inherit|lfv|lfv-pro|-éɣəh}}, from {{inherit|lfv|lnk-pro|-éges}}.
* From {{inherit|lfv|lfv-pro|-óɣəh}}, from {{inherit|lfv|lnk-pro|-ógos}}.
=== Pronunciation ===
{{lfv-pr}}
=== Suffix ===
{{lfv-sf|-us}} (''{{suff|lfv|adjectival|lb=1}}, light us-stem, heavy us-stem'')
# ''(unproductive, fossilised) A structural suffix used to denote the presence of a quality in some degree, tendency to or proneness to.''
#: {{m|lnk-pro|dʱiɟéges|t=clean, pure}} → ''*dʱiɟéges'' → {{m|lfv|ðêjus|t=pure}}
#: {{m|lnk-pro|ɟiwkʰ-|t=to be warm}} → ''*ɟukʰéges'' → {{m|lfv|jyhus|t=cosy, homey, homely}}
#: {{m|lnk-pro|bʱek-|t=to arise}} → ''*bʱikéges'' → {{m|lfv|vêkus|t=fresh}}
#: {{m|lnk-pro|kʼyrb-|t=to eat}} → ''*kʼr̥bógos'' → {{m|lfv|gurus|t=corrosive, caustic}}
#: {{m|lnk-pro|peŋ-|t=to beget}} → ''*pigr̥ŋógos'' → {{m|lfv|jorjus|t=fertile }}
# ''(by extension, unproductive) Used to form adjectives from nouns or verbs, to denote the presence of a quality in some degree (typically abundance of).''
#: {{syn|lfv|-isus}}
#: {{m|lfv|þwel|t=peace}} → {{m|lfv|þwelus|t=calm, quiet, peaceful}}
#: {{m|lfv|juonte|t=joy, delight, happiness}} → {{m|lfv|juontus|t=joyous, happy}}
#: {{m|lfv|hranad|t=to die}} → {{m|lfv|hranus|t=dead}}
==== Usage notes ====
Both suffixes are unproductive in modern Laefevian but the second sense was somewhat productive in pre-modern Laefevian and the suffixes were simply attached to the stem. Adjectives belonging to sense 1 can be traced all the way back to Proto-Laenkean, or Proto-Laefevic at least, when root gradation was still in effect. Adjectives belonging to sense 2 do not exibit any root gradation.
==== Declension ====
Light us-stem declension:
{{lfv-adj-lus|-us|-i}}
Heavy us-stem declension:
{{lfv-adj-hus|-us|-u}}
==== Derived terms ====
{{affed|lfv|suff}}
{{columns|columns=3|lfv
|isus|t1=-ous, -ive
}}
=== {{Etymology|lfv|2}} ===
=== {{Etymology|lfv|3}} ===
== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==


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|cpd=-u-|cpd2=-v-
|cpd=-u-|cpd2=-v-
|adj_n=-viș
|adj_n=-viș
|label=count}}{{rad-suff|nominal}}
|label={{suff|rad|n|lb=1}}, count}}
# ''derives like things''
# ''derives like things''
#: {{m|rad|nýrims|t=egg}} → {{m|rad|nýrinus|nýrin'''us'''|t=oval}}
#: {{m|rad|nýrims|t=egg}} → {{m|rad|nýrinus|nýrin'''us'''|t=oval}}
# {{label|rad|chem}} ''derives names of substances'', {{eng|-ine}}, {{eng|-in}}
# {{label|rad|chem}} ''derives names of substances'', {{eng|-ine}}, {{eng|-in}}
#: {{m|rad|láfus|t=coffee}} → {{m|rad|láfuus|láfu'''us'''|t=caffe'''ine'''}}
#: {{m|rad|láfus|t=coffee}} → {{m|rad|láfuus|láfu'''us'''|t=caffe'''ine'''}}
# {{label|rad|taxonomy}} ''forms names of tribe members'', {{eng|-in}}, {{eng|-ea}}
#: {{m|rad|lyejþs|t=human}} → {{m|rad|lyejðus|lyejð'''us'''|t=homin'''in'''}}


===== Declension =====
===== Declension =====
{{rad-decl|noipa=1|-°|v}}
{{rad-decl|noipa=1|-°|v}}
===== Derived terms =====
{{columns|rad
|-vans<t:-ini, -eae>
}}


=== {{Etymology|rad|2}} ===
=== {{Etymology|rad|2}} ===
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|cpd=-u-
|cpd=-u-
|adj_n=-uiș
|adj_n=-uiș
}}{{rad-suff|nominal}}
|label={{suff|rad|n|lb=1}}
}}
# ''forms river names''
# ''forms river names''
#: ''*Rín-'' → {{m|rad|Rjenus|Rjen'''us'''|t=the Rhine}}
#: ''*Rín-'' → {{m|rad|Rjenus|Rjen'''us'''|t=the Rhine}}

Latest revision as of 20:41, 20 July 2024

See also: us, uș

Laefevian

Etymology 1

Conflation of two different suffixes:

Pronunciation

Suffix

-us (adjectival, light us-stem, heavy us-stem)

  1. (unproductive, fossilised) A structural suffix used to denote the presence of a quality in some degree, tendency to or proneness to.
    *dʱiɟéges (“clean, pure”) → *dʱiɟéges → ðêjus (“pure”)
    *ɟiwkʰ- (“to be warm”) → *ɟukʰéges → jyhus (“cosy, homey, homely”)
    *bʱek- (“to arise”) → *bʱikéges → vêkus (“fresh”)
    *kʼyrb- (“to eat”) → *kʼr̥bógos → gurus (“corrosive, caustic”)
    *peŋ- (“to beget”) → *pigr̥ŋógos → jorjus (“fertile”)
  2. (by extension, unproductive) Used to form adjectives from nouns or verbs, to denote the presence of a quality in some degree (typically abundance of).
    Synonym: -isus
    þwel (“peace”) → þwelus (“calm, quiet, peaceful”)
    juonte (“joy, delight, happiness”) → juontus (“joyous, happy”)
    hranad (“to die”) → hranus (“dead”)

Usage notes

Both suffixes are unproductive in modern Laefevian but the second sense was somewhat productive in pre-modern Laefevian and the suffixes were simply attached to the stem. Adjectives belonging to sense 1 can be traced all the way back to Proto-Laenkean, or Proto-Laefevic at least, when root gradation was still in effect. Adjectives belonging to sense 2 do not exibit any root gradation.

Declension

Light us-stem declension:

Primary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)  
singular dual plural
nominative -us -ind -ir
accusative -ide -indi -iri
genitive -ida -indas -is
dative -in -indon -iron
locative -il -indos -iros
instrumental -ivô -indêt -irêt
Secondary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)  
accusative-based cases singular dual plural
sublative -idere -indire -irire
illative -idele -indile -irile
benefactive -idear -indiar -iriar
prolative -idekwe -indikwe -irikwe
causal-final -idedis -indirris -irris
genitive-based cases singular dual plural
delative -idôka -indirka -irka
elative -idôtan -indirtan -irtan
egressive -idaôn -indiruôn -iruôn
essive -idôjøn -indirjøn -irjøn
abessive -idôze -indirse -irse
dative-based cases singular dual plural
terminative -imas -indirmas -irmas
lative -inši -indirši -irši
locative-based cases singular dual plural
superessive -inere,
-iner		 -indirorre,
-indorre		 -irorre
inessive -ille -indirolle,
-indolle		 -irolle
exessive -inun -indirsun -irsun
perlative -iffêl -indirfêl -irfêl
instrumental-based cases singular dual plural
translative -ivôske -indirêske,
-indêske		 -irêske
comitative -ivôd -indirtôd,
-indôd		 -irtôd

Heavy us-stem declension:

Primary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)  
singular dual plural
nominative -us -und -ur
accusative -ude -undi -uri
genitive -uda -undas -us
dative -un -undon -uron
locative -ul -undos -uros
instrumental -uvô -undêt -urêt
Secondary case declension of -us (see Laefevian declension)  
accusative-based cases singular dual plural
sublative -udere -undire -urire
illative -udele -undile -urile
benefactive -udear -undiar -uriar
prolative -udekwe -undikwe -urikwe
causal-final -udedis -undirris -urris
genitive-based cases singular dual plural
delative -udôka -undirka -urka
elative -udôtan -undirtan -urtan
egressive -udaôn -undiruôn -uruôn
essive -udôjøn -undirjøn -urjøn
abessive -udôze -undirse -urse
dative-based cases singular dual plural
terminative -umas -undirmas -urmas
lative -unši -undirši -urši
locative-based cases singular dual plural
superessive -unere,
-uner		 -undirorre,
-undorre		 -urorre
inessive -ulle -undirolle,
-undolle		 -urolle
exessive -unun -undirsun -ursun
perlative -uffêl -undirfêl -urfêl
instrumental-based cases singular dual plural
translative -uvôske -undirêske,
-undêske		 -urêske
comitative -uvôd -undirtôd,
-undôd		 -urtôd

Derived terms

▶ Laefevian terms suffixed with -us
  • isus (“-ous, -ive”)

Etymology 2

Etymology 3

Radestrian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Deadjectival from -liș.

Suffix

-us inan (nominal, countable, genitive singular -vu, nominative plural -ui, compound form -u-, -v-, relational adjective -viș)

  1. derives like things
    nýrims (“egg”) → nýrinus (“oval”)
  2. (chemistry) derives names of substances, -ine, -in
    láfus (“coffee”) → láfuus (“caffeine”)
  3. (taxonomy) forms names of tribe members, -in, -ea
    lyejþs (“human”) → lyejðus (“hominin”)
Declension
Declension of -us (heavy)  
singular plural
nominative -us -ui
vocative -use
genitive proper -vu -viris
constructive -vis
dative -va -virín
accusative -ud -virid
instrumental -vúr -viríe
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Middle Radestrian -hór, -huss, from Old Radestrian -hōr, inherited from Proto-Radic *-howur, from Proto-Hirdic *hóhus. from Proto-Laenkean *hoʔ-.

Suffix

-us inan (nominal, genitive singular -ug, nominative plural -ui, compound form -u-, relational adjective -uiș)

  1. forms river names
    *Rín- → Rjenus (“the Rhine”)
Usage notes
  • Causes breaking.
Declension
Declension of -us (spirant)  
singular plural
nominative -us -ui
vocative -ûse
genitive proper -ug -uiris
constructive -uis
dative -ova -uirín
accusative -ud -uirid
instrumental -ovúr -uiríe

Derived terms

▶ Radestrian terms suffixed with -us
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