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Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions
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'''Radestrian''' is a language | '''Radestrian''' ([[wikt:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈvlɤ̃ˑzä ä‿rːɛˈɛʃɛʃɛ]</span> or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe|a rredeșeșe}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[ä‿rːɛˈɛʃɛʃɛ]</span>) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}. | ||
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the Hirdic branch and most distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | |||
== History == | |||
:''Main article: {{w|History of the Radestrian language}}'' | |||
Radestrian diverged from the {{w|Radic_languages|Radic branch}} as a distinct language around 2000 years ago. | |||
== Dialects == | |||
Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three subgroups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}. | |||
Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ~ç/</span> distinction. | |||
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> and its merging with <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ/</span> to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span>. | |||
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈçaːdvä̃ˑθs]</span> itself. | |||
== Phonology == | |||
:''Main article: {{w|Radestrian phonology}}'' | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
! colspan=7 | Monophthongs | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | short | |||
! colspan="2" | long | |||
! colspan="2" | overlong | |||
|- | |||
! front | |||
! back | |||
! front | |||
! back | |||
! front | |||
! back | |||
|- | |||
! high | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">i (y)</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">u</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">iː</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">uː</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">iːː</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">uːː</span> | |||
|- | |||
! mid | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɛ œ</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɤ ɔ</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">(eː)<br>æː</span> | |||
| <span class="IPA nolarge">(oː)<br>ɔː</span> | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! low | |||
| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">a</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">aː</span> | |||
| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">aːː</span> | |||
|} | |||
Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes. | |||
It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian. | |||
There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels. | |||
Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, <span class="IPA nolarge">/æː/</span> was the diphthong <span class="IPA nolarge">/ɛa/</span>, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs <span class="IPA nolarge">/ie/</span>, <span class="IPA nolarge">/uo/</span> and, in some analyses, <span class="IPA nolarge">/ai/</span> also have long counterparts: <span class="IPA nolarge">/iːe/</span>, <span class="IPA nolarge">/uːo/</span> and <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːi/</span> respectively. The existence of <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːi/</span> as a phoneme is debated, and is generally regarded nowadays to be the biphonemic <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːj/</span>. | |||
The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]</span>. Similarly, overlong vowels become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']</span> ('of a fifth'). | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of <span class="IPA nolarge">[ʃ]</span>, as well as its initial rhotic consonant clusters, such as ''rm-'', ''rn-'', ''rņ-'' and ''rl-''. | |||
=== Prosody === | |||
Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈfjœdæːt]</span> ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[fjœˈdæːt]</span> ('to overdo'). | |||
== Writing system == | |||
:''Main article: {{w|Radestrian orthography}}'' | |||
Radestrian is written with the {{w|Radic script}}, but also has a Latin orthography. | |||
== Grammar == | |||
:''Main article: {{w|Radestrian grammar}}'' | |||
== Vocabulary == | |||