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==Radestrian== | == Radestrian == | ||
=== Etymology === | === Etymology === | ||
From {{ | From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|héhtt}}, | ||
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}}, | |||
inherited | |||
from {{inherit|rad|rad-pro|hǫhht}}, | |||
from {{inherit|rad|hrd-pro|ḵɤ̄h-}}, | |||
from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|kajʔ-}}. | |||
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|kajʔ-|tuʔ-}} | |||
Past forms, participles and verbal noun from {{m+|rad-pro|hǫhht|huh-}}, a suppletive stem from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|tuʔ-}}. | |||
=== | === Pronunciation === | ||
{{rad-pronunciation}} | |||
# {{ | === Verb === | ||
#: {{ex|rad| | {{rad-verb | ||
# {{ | |npst-1s=hjei | ||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș | |npst-2s=hjeà | ||
# {{ | |npst-3s=hjeaș | ||
|pst-1s=húei | |||
|prespart=hûșevú | |||
|pspart=hovúl | |||
|vn=hovaș | |||
}} | |||
# {{label|rad|cop}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} | |||
#: {{antonyms|rad|vat}} | |||
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Hjeà</b> re heņgreks.|You <b>are no</b> king.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adjectival predicates to negate characteristics of the subject'' | |||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș <b>hjei</b>.|I <b>am not</b> German.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject'' | |||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}} | #: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}} | ||
# {{ | # {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as ‘to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}}’'' [+genitive] | ||
#: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þrandris la virș dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}} | #: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þrandris la virș dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}} | #: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}} | ||
# {{ | # {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time) | ||
#: {{ex|rad| | #: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}} | ||
# {{ | # {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' [+connegative] | ||
#: {{ex|rad| | #: {{ex|rad|''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}} | ||
# {{ | # {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle) | ||
# {{ | # {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have}} (used to form the negated perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle) | ||
# {{eng|no}} | # {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions) | ||
#: {{ | #: {{antonyms|rad|gje}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn hredeșeí dymyet?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}} | #: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn hredeșeí dymyet?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}} | ||
==== Usage notes ==== | ==== Usage notes ==== | ||
* When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive. | |||
* The connegative of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb. | * The connegative of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb. | ||
* As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | * As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | ||
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* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used. Nouns ending in ''-Cre-'' can also have their final ''-e'' elided and be followed with the enclitic form. | * When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used. Nouns ending in ''-Cre-'' can also have their final ''-e'' elided and be followed with the enclitic form. | ||
* The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}. | * The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}. | ||
==== Conjugation ==== | ==== Conjugation ==== | ||
Note that the compound forms below are purely hypothetical and may not be used or even considered grammatical, except for very specific nuance. | Note that the compound forms below are purely hypothetical and may not be used or even considered grammatical, except for very specific nuance. | ||
{{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|hú|hûșe|hov|huonș|a=hjeà|upst1=hủ|upst2=hủo|conneg=—}} | {{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|hú|hûșe|hov|huonș|a=hjeà|upst1=hủ|upst2=hủo|conneg=—}} | ||
Post-consonantal enclitic conjugation: | Post-consonantal enclitic conjugation: | ||
{{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|-ú|-ûșe|-ov|-unș|a=hjeà|upst1=-ủ|upst2=-ủo|conneg=—}} | {{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|-ú|-ûșe|-ov|-unș|a=hjeà|upst1=-ủ|upst2=-ủo|conneg=—}} | ||