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Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian: Difference between revisions
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Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian (view source)
Revision as of 13:32, 5 August 2024
, 5 August→Compound derivatives
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Some of the main these quality-changing suffixes can be combined into news suffixes, which now convey both parts of the constituent elements. While the colloquial language allows for great variety of possible combinations, there are five combinations that are officially recognised. All the forms described below can also be extended by adding the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' but it is not used as frequently as it is with the base derivatives described above. | Some of the main these quality-changing suffixes can be combined into news suffixes, which now convey both parts of the constituent elements. While the colloquial language allows for great variety of possible combinations, there are five combinations that are officially recognised. All the forms described below can also be extended by adding the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' but it is not used as frequently as it is with the base derivatives described above. | ||
=== The diminutive-endearing suffix ''-enkin'' === | === The diminutive-endearing suffix ''-enkin'' === | ||
This suffix is a combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-enkin''''', '''''-inkin''''' or '''''-i”nkin''''', depending on the original diminutive suffix. A diminutive-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both small in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, cute, pretty, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially family members, and pets, but it is not restricted to these terms only and it can be freely used with any word. | This suffix is a combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-enkin''''', '''''-inkin''''' or '''''-i”nkin''''', depending on the original diminutive suffix. A diminutive-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both small in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, cute, pretty, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially family members, and pets, but it is not restricted to these terms only and it can be freely used with any word. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” → '''narenkin''' “cute little booklet” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” → '''narenkin''' “cute little booklet” | ||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivenj''' “puppy, small dog” → '''nivenkin''' “cute little puppy, adorable little doggy” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivenj''' “puppy, small dog” → '''nivenkin''' “cute little puppy, adorable little doggy” | ||
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=== The augmentative-endearing suffix ''-uhkin'' === | === The augmentative-endearing suffix ''-uhkin'' === | ||
A combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-uhkin''''' or '''''-ohka'''''. Like the diminutive-endearing derivatives, an augmentative-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both great in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, beautiful, etc. It is used equally frequently with both human and non-human terms. | A combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-uhkin''''' or '''''-ohka'''''. Like the diminutive-endearing derivatives, an augmentative-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both great in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, beautiful, etc. It is used equally frequently with both human and non-human terms. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “large dog, big dog” → '''nivvohkin''' “big and adorable doggo” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “large dog, big dog” → '''nivvohkin''' “big and adorable doggo” | ||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestuoha''' “tall boy, big boy” → '''hvestukin''' “tall and handsome boy” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestuoha''' “tall boy, big boy” → '''hvestukin''' “tall and handsome boy” | ||
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=== The diminutive-derogatory suffix ''-enjôkša'' === | === The diminutive-derogatory suffix ''-enjôkša'' === | ||
A combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-enjôkša''''', '''''-injôkša''''' or '''''-iênnjôkša''''', depending on the form of the original diminutive. The combination of these two suffixes conveys a sense of belittlement, mockery, disparagement, ridicule, scorn, unworthiness, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially professions, but it can also be used with any other word. | A combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-enjôkša''''', '''''-injôkša''''' or '''''-iênnjôkša''''', depending on the form of the original diminutive. The combination of these two suffixes conveys a sense of belittlement, mockery, disparagement, ridicule, scorn, unworthiness, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially professions, but it can also be used with any other word. | ||
Example: | |||
* '''hleiǧwirh”lj''' “politician” → '''hleiǧwirhiênnjôkša''' “politician (belittling), low-reputation politician, worthless politician” | * '''hleiǧwirh”lj''' “politician” → '''hleiǧwirhiênnjôkša''' “politician (belittling), low-reputation politician, worthless politician” | ||
* '''arjoþ''' “friend” → '''arjotlenjôkša''' “little friend (belittling), worthless little friend” | * '''arjoþ''' “friend” → '''arjotlenjôkša''' “little friend (belittling), worthless little friend” | ||
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=== The augmentative-derogatory suffix ''-uǧôkša'' === | === The augmentative-derogatory suffix ''-uǧôkša'' === | ||
This suffix is a combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-uǧôkša''''' or '''''-oǧôkša''''', depending on the stem of the base word. It is used to refer to entities of great size (or importance) but with a sense of mockery, ridicule, scorn, pretence, fakery, etc. added to it. It may also convey pity, however. It is more commonly used with non-human terms but can be freely used with human terms as well. With human terms, however, the notion of a large physical size may be secondary or not present at all. | This suffix is a combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-uǧôkša''''' or '''''-oǧôkša''''', depending on the stem of the base word. It is used to refer to entities of great size (or importance) but with a sense of mockery, ridicule, scorn, pretence, fakery, etc. added to it. It may also convey pity, however. It is more commonly used with non-human terms but can be freely used with human terms as well. With human terms, however, the notion of a large physical size may be secondary or not present at all. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “big dog, large dog” → '''nivvoǧôkša''' “big and abandoned dog” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “big dog, large dog” → '''nivvoǧôkša''' “big and abandoned dog” | ||
* '''tent''' “bed” → '''tentuoha''' “big bed, large bed” → '''tentuǧôkša''' “big and uncomfortable bed” | * '''tent''' “bed” → '''tentuoha''' “big bed, large bed” → '''tentuǧôkša''' “big and uncomfortable bed” | ||
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=== The endearing-superlative suffix ''-kinjêngu''=== | === The endearing-superlative suffix ''-kinjêngu''=== | ||
As the name suggests, this suffix is a combination of the endearing suffix ''-kin'' (or ''-okin'') and the superlative suffix ''-iêngu'', resulting in '''''-kinjêngu''''' or '''''-okinjêngu''''', depending on the form of the original stem. These terms now convey the same as the base endearing words but with a sense of superiority, uniqueness or the greatest importance added to it. These are especially common with term referring to friends, romantic partners and pets, but can also be used with any other word. | As the name suggests, this suffix is a combination of the endearing suffix ''-kin'' (or ''-okin'') and the superlative suffix ''-iêngu'', resulting in '''''-kinjêngu''''' or '''''-okinjêngu''''', depending on the form of the original stem. These terms now convey the same as the base endearing words but with a sense of superiority, uniqueness or the greatest importance added to it. These are especially common with term referring to friends, romantic partners and pets, but can also be used with any other word. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivkinjêngu''' “the best doggo, the best boy, the best girl” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivkinjêngu''' “the best doggo, the best boy, the best girl” | ||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hveskinjêngu''' “the best boy(friend) (affectionate)” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hveskinjêngu''' “the best boy(friend) (affectionate)” | ||
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As with the regular endearing suffix, this one is often typically accompanied by a possessive prefix: | As with the regular endearing suffix, this one is often typically accompanied by a possessive prefix: | ||
* '''nivkinjêngu''' → '''onnivkinjêngu''' “my best doggo, my best boy, my best girl” | * '''nivkinjêngu''' → '''onnivkinjêngu''' “my best doggo, my best boy, my best girl” | ||
* '''arjoskinjêngu''' → '''orjoskinjêngu''' “my most important dear friend” | * '''arjoskinjêngu''' → '''orjoskinjêngu''' “my most important dear friend” | ||
* '''jurwokinjêngu''' → '''jajjurwokinjêngu''' “the greatest love of his life, his greatest love” | * '''jurwokinjêngu''' → '''jajjurwokinjêngu''' “the greatest love of his life, his greatest love” | ||