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Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian: Difference between revisions
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Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian (view source)
Revision as of 13:22, 5 August 2024
, 5 August→Pejorative and derogatory derivatives
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== Pejorative and derogatory derivatives == | == Pejorative and derogatory derivatives == | ||
The opposite of the endearing derivatives are, of course, pejorative and derogatory derivatives | The opposite of the endearing derivatives are, of course, pejorative and derogatory derivatives. There are now several different suffixes, which differ slightly from each other in meaning and formation. | ||
=== The pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'' === | === The pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'' === | ||
This is the typical and most widely used pejorative suffix in Laefevian, its main form is '''''-ôkša''''', with two variants,''''' -iôkša''''' and '''''-vôkša'''''. It can be appended to pretty much any noun to convey some kind of lesser quality of the base word, often ugliness or inability, badness, evilness, or malice. The origins of the suffix are unclear but it is generally agreed that it is a compound suffix with the ''- | This is the typical and most widely used pejorative suffix in Laefevian, its main form is '''''-ôkša''''', with two variants,''''' -iôkša''''' and '''''-vôkša'''''. It can be appended to pretty much any noun to convey some kind of lesser quality of the base word, often ugliness or inability, badness, evilness, or malice. The origins of the suffix are unclear but it is generally agreed that it is a compound suffix with the ''-ôk-'' part being cognate with the augmentative suffix. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narôkša''' “bad, terrible or lousy book (in terms of its content), ugly book (appearance)” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narôkša''' “bad, terrible or lousy book (in terms of its content), ugly book (appearance)” | ||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivôkša''' “ugly dog, ugly and fierce dog” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivôkša''' “ugly dog, ugly and fierce dog” | ||
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As previously, the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' can be added: | As previously, the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' can be added: | ||
* '''nivôkša''' “ugly dog, ugly and fierce dog” → '''nivôkšakka''' “very ugly dog, butt-ugly dog, ugly-ass dog” | * '''nivôkša''' “ugly dog, ugly and fierce dog” → '''nivôkšakka''' “very ugly dog, butt-ugly dog, ugly-ass dog” | ||
* '''hvestôkša''' “ugly boy” → '''hvestôkšakka''' “very ugly boy, butt-ugly boy” | * '''hvestôkša''' “ugly boy” → '''hvestôkšakka''' “very ugly boy, butt-ugly boy” | ||
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=== The derogatory suffix ''-(h)utta'' === | === The derogatory suffix ''-(h)utta'' === | ||
This is generally considered a derogatory suffix and it is used to refer to people only. It is similar to the pejorative suffix but the suffix '''''-(h)utta''''' conveys more of a moral judgement on the part of the speaker, carrying connotations of immorality, insincerity, disingenuousness, reproach, disgrace, shame, scorn, etc. In some cases, the meaning can be very close to the meaning of the words formed with the pejorative suffix. The suffix originates from the ending ''-(h)ut'' used in terms referring to the step-family members (e.g. ''vanhut'' “stepfather”, ''lehhut'' “stepmother”, '' | This is generally considered a derogatory suffix and it is used to refer to people only. It is similar to the pejorative suffix but the suffix '''''-(h)utta''''' conveys more of a moral judgement on the part of the speaker, carrying connotations of immorality, insincerity, disingenuousness, reproach, disgrace, shame, scorn, etc. In some cases, the meaning can be very close to the meaning of the words formed with the pejorative suffix. The suffix originates from the ending ''-(h)ut'' used in terms referring to the step-family members (e.g. ''vanhut'' “stepfather”, ''lehhut'' “stepmother”, ''šøskut'' “stepbrother”, etc.). | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” | ||
* '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” | * '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” | ||
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This suffix can also be used with personal names: | This suffix can also be used with personal names: | ||
* '''Lesond''' → '''Lesondutta, Lesohutta''' | * '''Lesond''' → '''Lesondutta, Lesohutta''' | ||
* '''Leskullent ''' → '''Leskullentutta, Leskuhutta''' | * '''Leskullent ''' → '''Leskullentutta, Leskuhutta''' | ||
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It is possible to use the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(h)uttakka''''': | It is possible to use the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(h)uttakka''''': | ||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” → '''hvestuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking son of a bitch” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” → '''hvestuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking son of a bitch” | ||
* '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” → '''vêþuttakka''' “fucking bitch, etc.” | * '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” → '''vêþuttakka''' “fucking bitch, etc.” | ||
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=== The derogatory suffix ''-omja'' === | === The derogatory suffix ''-omja'' === | ||
The derogatory suffix '''''-omja''''' is also generally used to refer to people, but it can include pets and other animals one might feel strongly about. This suffix can be added to adjectives only, and it is used to create derogatory terms highlighting the characteristic of the base word. It is a compound suffix, originating from the deadjectival stative verb suffix ''-umad'' (i.e. “to be [ADJECTIVE]”) and the general agent suffix ''-ja'' “-er”. | The derogatory suffix '''''-omja''''' is also generally used to refer to people, but it can include pets and other animals one might feel strongly about. This suffix can be added to adjectives only, and it is used to create derogatory terms highlighting the characteristic of the base word. It is a compound suffix, originating from the deadjectival stative verb suffix ''-umad'' (i.e. “to be [ADJECTIVE]”) and the general agent suffix ''-ja'' “-er”. | ||
Examples: | |||
* '''hmat''' “fat” → '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” | * '''hmat''' “fat” → '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” | ||
* '''suldis''' “ugly” → '''suldomja''' “uggo” | * '''suldis''' “ugly” → '''suldomja''' “uggo” | ||
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'''''-akka''''' can be added to these terms as well: | '''''-akka''''' can be added to these terms as well: | ||
* '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” → '''hmatomjakka''' | * '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” → '''hmatomjakka''' | ||
* '''suldomja''' “uggo” → '''suldomjakka''' | * '''suldomja''' “uggo” → '''suldomjakka''' | ||
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* '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” → '''hnagomjakka''' | * '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” → '''hnagomjakka''' | ||
== Compound derivatives == | == Compound derivatives == | ||
Some of the main these quality-changing suffixes can be combined into news suffixes, which now convey both parts of the constituent elements. While the colloquial language allows for great variety of possible combinations, there are five combinations that are officially recognised. All the forms described below can also be extended by adding the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' but it is not used as frequently as it is with the base derivatives described above. | Some of the main these quality-changing suffixes can be combined into news suffixes, which now convey both parts of the constituent elements. While the colloquial language allows for great variety of possible combinations, there are five combinations that are officially recognised. All the forms described below can also be extended by adding the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' but it is not used as frequently as it is with the base derivatives described above. | ||