2,913
edits
Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Appendix:World/Diminutives and Augmentatives in Laefevian (view source)
Revision as of 13:08, 5 August 2024
, 5 Augustਕੋਈ ਸੋਧ ਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
Laefevian has a rich array of suffixes to denote diminutives, augmentatives, pejoratives and derogatory terms, as well as terms of endearment. | |||
== Overview == | |||
In Laefevian linguistics, these these terms are collectively known as '''qualitative derivatives''' or '''quality-changing derivations'''. These derivatives are formed by adding suffixes to the base word. There are five main categories here, with further subcategories formed by combining the five main ones. The main qualitative derivations are: | |||
* diminutive: '''-enj''' or '''-inje''' | * diminutive: '''-enj''' or '''-inje''' | ||
| Line 15: | Line 18: | ||
* endearing-superlative: '''-(o)kinjêngu''' | * endearing-superlative: '''-(o)kinjêngu''' | ||
There is also an extra intensifying suffix which can be added to any of the previous suffixes: '''-akka''' | There is also an extra intensifying suffix which can be added to any of the previous suffixes: '''-akka''' | ||
== Diminutive derivatives == | |||
The most widespread diminutive suffix is '''''-enj''''', '''''-inje''''' or '''''-iênnje''''', which traces its roots back to Proto-Laenkean ''<nowiki>*-j(V)Å‹jês</nowiki>'' (also a diminutive suffix). The suffix does not, generally, convey any additional emotional connotations but it simply indicates a small size. If possible, the suffix also causes palatalisation of the preceding consonant. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” | ||
| Line 40: | Line 47: | ||
* '''ansoinje''' “small island, isle” → '''ansoinjakka''' “very small island, islet” | * '''ansoinje''' “small island, isle” → '''ansoinjakka''' “very small island, islet” | ||
== Augmentative derivatives == | |||
The opposite of the diminutive is the augmentative, which indicates a great size. The suffix is '''''-uoha''''' (variants '''''-voha''''' or '''''-oha'''''), which can be traced back to Proto-Laenkean ''-(V)kÊ°os'' (used to forms words indicating burden or authority). Like with the diminutive, there is generally no emotional connotations attached to this suffix. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''naruoha''' “big book, tome” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''naruoha''' “big book, tome” | ||
| Line 58: | Line 66: | ||
* '''ansovoha''' “big island, large island” → '''ansohakka''' “very big island, very large island” | * '''ansovoha''' “big island, large island” → '''ansohakka''' “very big island, very large island” | ||
Of course, with the right intonation, these intensified augmentatives can carry a negative connotation. | Of course, with the right intonation, these intensified augmentatives can carry a negative connotation. | ||
== Endearing derivatives == | |||
This suffix is used to add some positive connotations to the base word, such as love, affection or courtesy. The suffix is '''''-kin''''' or '''''-okin'''''. It is an extremely commonly used suffix to derive terms of endearment. It is very common in colloquial language. The origin of the suffix is somewhat unclear but it is generally believed to be a compound suffix of Proto-Laenkean ''<nowiki>*-VKVs</nowiki>'' (indicates parts at the top or edge of something) and ''<nowiki>*-VnVs</nowiki>'' (a noun-deriving suffix). The suffix may carry diminutive connotations, especially when used with terms of endearment referring to children. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narkin''' “precious book” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narkin''' “precious book” | ||
| Line 67: | Line 78: | ||
* '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêakin''' “hometown” | * '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêakin''' “hometown” | ||
* '''jurwe''' “love” → '''jurwekin, jurwokin''' “darling, love (person)” | * '''jurwe''' “love” → '''jurwekin, jurwokin''' “darling, love (person)” | ||
* ''' | * '''ussôlt''' “treasure” → '''ussôlkin''' “honey, darling, treasure (person)” | ||
* '''vant''' “father” → '''vanskin, vankin, vantokin''' “dad, daddy” | * '''vant''' “father” → '''vanskin, vankin, vantokin''' “dad, daddy” | ||
* '''letta''' “mother” → '''leskin, lettakin, lettokin''' “mum, mummy” | * '''letta''' “mother” → '''leskin, lettakin, lettokin''' “mum, mummy” | ||
| Line 93: | Line 104: | ||
* '''Kwargond''' “Raveneagle” → '''Kwargonkin''' → '''okKwargonkin*''' “my dear Raveneagle” → '''okKwargonkinakka*''' “my dearest Raveneagle, my dear little Raveneagle” | * '''Kwargond''' “Raveneagle” → '''Kwargonkin''' → '''okKwargonkin*''' “my dear Raveneagle” → '''okKwargonkinakka*''' “my dearest Raveneagle, my dear little Raveneagle” | ||
<small>''<nowiki>* Possessive prefixes do not become capitalised when added to names.</nowiki>''</small> These are also equivalent to English expressions such as “love, my darling” or “honey, my darling” or “[NAME], my darling/dear” and so on. | <small>''<nowiki>* Possessive prefixes do not become capitalised when added to names.</nowiki>''</small> These are also equivalent to English expressions such as “love, my darling” or “honey, my darling” or “[NAME], my darling/dear” and so on. | ||
== Superlative derivatives == | |||
The superlative suffix '''''-(i)”ngu''''' is used to indicate the (absolute) veracity, verisimilitude, realness, the highest or best quality, or the highest or greatest importance of the base word. These words are often used in some kind of contrastive context where one entity, which is considered to be more real or of better quality, is compared to another entity, which is then considered to be of lesser quality or importance. Etymologically, the suffix is just a nominalised version of the adjectival absolute superlative suffix ''-”ngwis''. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → ''' | * '''nar''' “book” → '''nariêngu''' “real book, actual book” | ||
* '''niv''' “dog” → ''' | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''niviêngu''' “real dog, actual dog” | ||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → ''' | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestiêngu''' “real boy” | ||
* '''hrik''' “house” → ''' | * '''hrik''' “house” → '''hrikiêngu''' “actual house, true house” | ||
* '''nem''' “milk” → ''' | * '''nem''' “milk” → '''nemiêngu''' “real milk, actual milk, true milk” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → ''' | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hantiêngu''' “real man, true man, man of his word” | ||
* ''' | * '''arjoþ''' “friend” → '''arjoþiêngu''' “real friend, true friend, best friend” | ||
* '''hynjo”''' “seat” → ''' | * '''hynjo”''' “seat” → '''hynjo”iêngu''' “front row seat” | ||
* '''venkwe''' “news” → ''' | * '''venkwe''' “news” → '''venkŵêngu''' “most important news, news of the day, breaking news” | ||
* '''nolda''' “day” → ''' | * '''nolda''' “day” → '''noldiêngu''' “best day, most important day, greatest day” | ||
* '''rint''' “life” → ''' | * '''rint''' “life” → '''rintiêngu''' “real life” | ||
* '''zov''' “meat” → ''' | * '''zov''' “meat” → '''zoviêngu''' “real meat, natural meat” | ||
The intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' can be used in combination with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(i)”ngakka''''', but the derived word typically gain humorous, cynical, sarcastic or even derogatory connotations: | The intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' can be used in combination with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(i)”ngakka''''', but the derived word typically gain humorous, cynical, sarcastic or even derogatory connotations: | ||
* ''' | * '''niviêngu''' “real dog, actual dog” → '''niviêngakka''' | ||
* ''' | * '''hvestiêngu''' “real boy” → '''hvestiêngakka''' | ||
* ''' | * '''hantiêngu''' “real man, true man, man of his word” → '''hantiêngakka''' | ||
* ''' | * '''hynjo”iêngu''' “front row seat” → '''hynjo”iêngakka''' | ||
The superlative suffix can also contrast with the prefix '''''erhw-''''' “main-, arch-, head-”, for example, '''''erhuvenkwe''''', lit. “main news, arch-news, top news”, would be used in a newspaper to refer to the most important news in the publication (it also cannot be changed any more), while '''''venkŵ”ngu''''' would be used on TV when talking about the currently most important piece of news. | |||
== Pejorative and derogatory derivatives == | |||
The opposite of the endearing derivatives are, of course, pejorative and derogatory derivatives. As these are very similar in meaning, I'm combining them together. There are now several different suffixes, which differ slightly from each other in meaning and formation. | |||
=== The pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'' === | |||
This is the typical and most widely used pejorative suffix in Laefevian, its main form is '''''-ôkša''''', with two variants,''''' -iôkša''''' and '''''-vôkša'''''. It can be appended to pretty much any noun to convey some kind of lesser quality of the base word, often ugliness or inability, badness, evilness, or malice. The origins of the suffix are unclear but it is generally agreed that it is a compound suffix with the ''-”k-'' part being cognate with the augmentative suffix. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narôkša''' “bad, terrible or lousy book (in terms of its content), ugly book (appearance)” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narôkša''' “bad, terrible or lousy book (in terms of its content), ugly book (appearance)” | ||
| Line 123: | Line 143: | ||
* '''hrik''' “house” → '''hrikôkša''' “ugly house” | * '''hrik''' “house” → '''hrikôkša''' “ugly house” | ||
* '''nolda''' “day” → '''noldiôkša''' “bad day, terrible day, lousy day, long day, rough day” | * '''nolda''' “day” → '''noldiôkša''' “bad day, terrible day, lousy day, long day, rough day” | ||
* ''' | * '''êrme''' “weather” → '''êrmiôkša''' “bad weather, rainy weather, lousy weather” | ||
* '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêavôkša''' “ugly city” | * '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêavôkša''' “ugly city” | ||
* ''' | * '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþôkša''' “hag, ugly woman, bad woman, evil woman, vixen” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → '''hantôkša''' “ugly man, bad man, evil man” | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hantôkša''' “ugly man, bad man, evil man” | ||
* '''venkwe''' “news” → '''venkŵôkša''' “bad news” | * '''venkwe''' “news” → '''venkŵôkša''' “bad news” | ||
| Line 135: | Line 155: | ||
* '''hrikôkša''' “ugly house” → '''hrikôkšakka''' “very ugly house” | * '''hrikôkša''' “ugly house” → '''hrikôkšakka''' “very ugly house” | ||
* '''noldiôkša''' “bad day, terrible day” → '''noldiôkšakka''' “absolutely terrible day, very lousy day” | * '''noldiôkša''' “bad day, terrible day” → '''noldiôkšakka''' “absolutely terrible day, very lousy day” | ||
* ''' | * '''êrmiôkša''' “bad weather, rainy weather” → '''êrmiôkšakka''' “absolutely bad weather, very lousy weather” | ||
* ''' | * '''vêþôkša''' “ugly woman, bad woman, evil woman” → '''vêþôkšakka''' “ugly hag, cunt, very ugly woman, very bad woman” | ||
* '''hantôkša''' “ugly man, bad man, evil man” → '''hantôkša''' “very ugly man, hideous man, very bad man” | * '''hantôkša''' “ugly man, bad man, evil man” → '''hantôkša''' “very ugly man, hideous man, very bad man” | ||
* '''venkŵôkša''' “bad news” → '''venkŵôkšakka''' “absolutely terrible news” | * '''venkŵôkša''' “bad news” → '''venkŵôkšakka''' “absolutely terrible news” | ||
=== The derogatory suffix ''-(h)utta'' === | |||
This is generally considered a derogatory suffix and it is used to refer to people only. It is similar to the pejorative suffix but the suffix '''''-(h)utta''''' conveys more of a moral judgement on the part of the speaker, carrying connotations of immorality, insincerity, disingenuousness, reproach, disgrace, shame, scorn, etc. In some cases, the meaning can be very close to the meaning of the words formed with the pejorative suffix. The suffix originates from the ending ''-(h)ut'' used in terms referring to the step-family members (e.g. ''vanhut'' “stepfather”, ''lehhut'' “stepmother”, ''““skut'' “stepbrother”, etc.). Examples: | |||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” | ||
* ''' | * '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → '''hantutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch, mongrel” | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hantutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch, mongrel” | ||
* '''ruont''' “farmer” → '''ruontutta''' “peasant, redneck, hillbilly” | * '''ruont''' “farmer” → '''ruontutta''' “peasant, redneck, hillbilly” | ||
* '''launja''' “singer” → '''launjautta''' “fake singer, bad singer, lousy singer” | * '''launja''' “singer” → '''launjautta''' “fake singer, bad singer, lousy singer” | ||
* ''' | * '''êñwiltja''' “artist” → '''êñwiltjautta''' “fake artist, pretend artist” | ||
* ''' | * '''vaðja''' “right-winger” → '''vaðjautta''' “rightoid” | ||
* '''jankja''' “left-winger” → '''jankjautta''' “leftoid” | * '''jankja''' “left-winger” → '''jankjautta''' “leftoid” | ||
* '''“mmaesavja''' “communist” → '''“mmaesavjautta, “mmahutta''' “commie” | * '''“mmaesavja''' “communist” → '''“mmaesavjautta, “mmahutta''' “commie” | ||
* ''' | * '''dulsieþja''' “police officer” → '''dulsieþjautta, dulsihutta, dulsutta''' “pig, filth, oinker” | ||
This suffix can also be used with personal names: | This suffix can also be used with personal names: | ||
| Line 161: | Line 182: | ||
* '''Valmesolt''' → '''Valmesoltutta, Valmehutta''' | * '''Valmesolt''' → '''Valmesoltutta, Valmehutta''' | ||
It is possible to use the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(h)uttakka''''' | It is possible to use the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' with this suffix as well, resulting in '''''-(h)uttakka''''': | ||
* '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” → '''hvestuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking son of a bitch” | * '''hvest''' “boy” → '''hvestutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch” → '''hvestuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking son of a bitch” | ||
* ''' | * '''vêþ''' “woman” → '''vêþutta''' “bitch, cunt, slut, whore” → '''vêþuttakka''' “fucking bitch, etc.” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → '''hantutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch, mongrel” → '''hantuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking mongrel” | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hantutta''' “bastard, son of a bitch, mongrel” → '''hantuttakka''' “fucking bastard, fucking mongrel” | ||
* '''Lesond''' → '''Lesondutta, Lesohutta''' → '''Lesonduttakka, Lesohuttakka''' “fucking Lesond” | * '''Lesond''' → '''Lesondutta, Lesohutta''' → '''Lesonduttakka, Lesohuttakka''' “fucking Lesond” | ||
* '''Kwargond''' → '''Kwargondutta, Kwargohutta''' → '''Kwargonduttakka, Kwargohuttakka''' “fucking Kwargond” | * '''Kwargond''' → '''Kwargondutta, Kwargohutta''' → '''Kwargonduttakka, Kwargohuttakka''' “fucking Kwargond” | ||
When added to personal names (both ''-(h)utta'' or ''-(h)uttakka'') is can also correspond to English structures like, “[NAME], you bastard/son of a bitch/etc.” or “[NAME], you bitch/cunt/etc.”, and so on. | When added to personal names (both ''-(h)utta'' or ''-(h)uttakka'') is can also correspond to English structures like, “[NAME], you bastard/son of a bitch/etc.” or “[NAME], you bitch/cunt/etc.”, and so on. | ||
=== The derogatory suffix ''-omja'' === | |||
The derogatory suffix '''''-omja''''' is also generally used to refer to people, but it can include pets and other animals one might feel strongly about. This suffix can be added to adjectives only, and it is used to create derogatory terms highlighting the characteristic of the base word. It is a compound suffix, originating from the deadjectival stative verb suffix ''-umad'' (i.e. “to be [ADJECTIVE]”) and the general agent suffix ''-ja'' “-er”. Examples: | |||
* '''hmat''' “fat” → '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” | * '''hmat''' “fat” → '''hmatomja''' “fatty, fatso, fat-ass” | ||
* '''suldis''' “ugly” → '''suldomja''' “uggo” | * '''suldis''' “ugly” → '''suldomja''' “uggo” | ||
* ''' | * '''þurris''' “empty” → '''þurromja''' “airhead” | ||
* '''hnagis''' “lazy” → '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” | * '''hnagis''' “lazy” → '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” | ||
* ''' | * '''šytis''' “slow” → '''šytomja''' “idiot, slow-ass” | ||
* ''' | * '''tôisus''' “dumb, stupid” → '''tôiskomja''' “idiot, dumbass” | ||
* '''hlot''' “rich” → '''hlotomja''' “the rich (derogatory), the wealthies” | * '''hlot''' “rich” → '''hlotomja''' “the rich (derogatory), the wealthies” | ||
* ''' | * '''fêmpis''' “poor” → '''fêmpomja''' “beggar, hobo, the poor (derogatory)” | ||
* '''narkis''' “dirty” → '''narkomja''' “filthy person, dirty person” | * '''narkis''' “dirty” → '''narkomja''' “filthy person, dirty person” | ||
* '''taltis''' “half” → '''taltomja''' “half-asser, someone who half-asses things” | * '''taltis''' “half” → '''taltomja''' “half-asser, someone who half-asses things” | ||
* ''' | * '''ôrwelgis''' “modest, humble” → '''ôrwelgomja''' “excessively modest/humble person” | ||
'''''-akka''''' can be added to these terms as well: | '''''-akka''''' can be added to these terms as well: | ||
| Line 190: | Line 214: | ||
* '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” → '''hnagomjakka''' | * '''hnagomja''' “layabout, lazy bum, slacker” → '''hnagomjakka''' | ||
<small>(Translate these however you want.)</small> | <small>(Translate these however you want.)</small> | ||
== Compound derivatives == | |||
Some of the main these quality-changing suffixes can be combined into news suffixes, which now convey both parts of the constituent elements. While the colloquial language allows for great variety of possible combinations, there are five combinations that are officially recognised. All the forms described below can also be extended by adding the intensifying suffix '''''-akka''''' but it is not used as frequently as it is with the base derivatives described above. | |||
=== The diminutive-endearing suffix ''-enkin'' === | |||
This suffix is a combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-enkin''''', '''''-inkin''''' or '''''-i”nkin''''', depending on the original diminutive suffix. A diminutive-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both small in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, cute, pretty, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially family members, and pets, but it is not restricted to these terms only and it can be freely used with any word. Examples: | |||
* '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” → '''narenkin''' “cute little booklet” | * '''nar''' “book” → '''narenj''' “booklet” → '''narenkin''' “cute little booklet” | ||
| Line 198: | Line 226: | ||
* '''elme''' “village” → '''elminje''' “small village, little village” → '''elminkin''' “cute little village, quaint little village” | * '''elme''' “village” → '''elminje''' “small village, little village” → '''elminkin''' “cute little village, quaint little village” | ||
=== The augmentative-endearing suffix ''-uhkin'' === | |||
A combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the endearing suffix ''-kin'', resulting in '''''-uhkin''''' or '''''-ohka'''''. Like the diminutive-endearing derivatives, an augmentative-endearing derivative conveys that the base word is both great in size and is also adorable, lovable, likeable, beautiful, etc. It is used equally frequently with both human and non-human terms. Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “large dog, big dog” → '''nivvohkin''' “big and adorable doggo” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “large dog, big dog” → '''nivvohkin''' “big and adorable doggo” | ||
| Line 205: | Line 234: | ||
* '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêavoha''' “large city, metropolis” → '''lêavohkin''' “big and nice city” | * '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêavoha''' “large city, metropolis” → '''lêavohkin''' “big and nice city” | ||
=== The diminutive-derogatory suffix ''-enjôkša'' === | |||
A combination of the diminutive suffix ''-enj'' (or ''-inje'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-enjôkša''''', '''''-injôkša''''' or '''''-iênnjôkša''''', depending on the form of the original diminutive. The combination of these two suffixes conveys a sense of belittlement, mockery, disparagement, ridicule, scorn, unworthiness, etc. It is commonly used with terms denoting people, especially professions, but it can also be used with any other word. Example: | |||
* ''' | * '''hleiǧwirh”lj''' “politician” → '''hleiǧwirhiênnjôkša''' “politician (belittling), low-reputation politician, worthless politician” | ||
* ''' | * '''arjoþ''' “friend” → '''arjotlenjôkša''' “little friend (belittling), worthless little friend” | ||
* ''' | * '''dulsieþja''' “police officer” → '''dulsieþjainjôkša''' “silly little policeman, incapable police officer” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → '''hansenjôkša''' “sad little man” | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hansenjôkša''' “sad little man” | ||
* '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêainjôkša''' “small little crime-riddled town” | * '''lêa''' “city” → '''lêainjôkša''' “small little crime-riddled town” | ||
=== The augmentative-derogatory suffix ''-uǧôkša'' === | |||
This suffix is a combination of the augmentative suffix ''-uoha'' (or ''-voha'') and the pejorative suffix ''-ôkša'', resulting in '''''-uǧôkša''''' or '''''-oǧôkša''''', depending on the stem of the base word. It is used to refer to entities of great size (or importance) but with a sense of mockery, ridicule, scorn, pretence, fakery, etc. added to it. It may also convey pity, however. It is more commonly used with non-human terms but can be freely used with human terms as well. With human terms, however, the notion of a large physical size may be secondary or not present at all. Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “big dog, large dog” → ''' | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivvoha''' “big dog, large dog” → '''nivvoǧôkša''' “big and abandoned dog” | ||
* '''tent''' “bed” → '''tentuoha''' “big bed, large bed” → '''tentuǧôkša''' “big and uncomfortable bed” | * '''tent''' “bed” → '''tentuoha''' “big bed, large bed” → '''tentuǧôkša''' “big and uncomfortable bed” | ||
* '''hrik''' “house” → '''hrikuoha''' “big house, large house, mansion” → '''hrikuǧôkša''' “big and dilapidated house” | * '''hrik''' “house” → '''hrikuoha''' “big house, large house, mansion” → '''hrikuǧôkša''' “big and dilapidated house” | ||
* '''elme''' “village” → '''elmuoha''' “large village” → '''elmuǧôkša''' “large and (partly-)abandoned village” | * '''elme''' “village” → '''elmuoha''' “large village” → '''elmuǧôkša''' “large and (partly-)abandoned village” | ||
* ''' | * '''hlurþ''' “castle” → '''hlurþuoha''' “big castle, large castle” → '''hlurþuǧôkša”''' “large and ill-maintained castle” | ||
* '''hant''' “man” → '''hantuoha''' “big man, large man, tall man” → '''hantuǧôkša''' “big and unkempt man, (tall) man that doesn't take care of himself” | * '''hant''' “man” → '''hantuoha''' “big man, large man, tall man” → '''hantuǧôkša''' “big and unkempt man, (tall) man that doesn't take care of himself” | ||
=== The endearing-superlative suffix ''-kinjêngu''=== | |||
As the name suggests, this suffix is a combination of the endearing suffix ''-kin'' (or ''-okin'') and the superlative suffix ''-iêngu'', resulting in '''''-kinjêngu''''' or '''''-okinjêngu''''', depending on the form of the original stem. These terms now convey the same as the base endearing words but with a sense of superiority, uniqueness or the greatest importance added to it. These are especially common with term referring to friends, romantic partners and pets, but can also be used with any other word. Examples: | |||
* '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivkinjêngu''' “the best doggo, the best boy, the best girl” | * '''niv''' “dog” → '''nivkinjêngu''' “the best doggo, the best boy, the best girl” | ||