Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions

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'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈvlɤ̃ˑzä ä‿rːɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[rɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}.
'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[{{rad-IPA|vlunza a rredeșeșe|phon}}]}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[/{{rad-IPA|rredeșeșe|phon}}/]}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}.
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}.
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}.


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== Dialects ==
== Dialects ==
Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}.
Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}.
Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{wipa|rad|/ʃ~ç/}} distinction.
Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{tipa|/ʃ~ç/}} distinction.
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} and its merging with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}.
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{tipa|/ç/}} and its merging with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{tipa|/ç/}}.
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈçaːdvä̃ˑθs]}} itself.
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{tipa|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{wipa|rad|[{{rad-IPA|hjádvanþs|hj|phon}}]}} itself.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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|-
|-
! high
! high
| {{wipa|rad|i (y)}}
| {{tipa|i (y)}}
| {{wipa|rad|u}}
| {{tipa|u}}
| {{wipa|rad|iː}}
| {{tipa|iː}}
| {{wipa|rad|uː}}
| {{tipa|uː}}
| {{wipa|rad|iːː}}
| {{tipa|iːː}}
| {{wipa|rad|uːː}}
| {{tipa|uːː}}
|-
|-
! mid
! mid
| {{wipa|rad|ɛ œ}}
| {{tipa|ɛ œ}}
| {{wipa|rad|ɤ ɔ}}
| {{tipa|ɤ ɔ}}
| {{wipa|rad|(eː)<br>æː}}
| {{tipa|(eː)<br>æː}}
| {{wipa|rad|(oː)<br>ɔː}}
| {{tipa|(oː)<br>ɔː}}
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
|-
|-
! low
! low
| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|a}}
| colspan="2" | {{tipa|a}}
| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aː}}
| colspan="2" | {{tipa|aː}}
| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aːː}}
| colspan="2" | {{tipa|aːː}}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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! rowspan="3" | opening
! rowspan="3" | opening
! close-mid
! close-mid
| {{wipa|rad|ie iːe}}
| {{tipa|ie iːe}}
| {{wipa|rad|uo uːo}}
| {{tipa|uo uːo}}
|-
|-
! close-open
! close-open
| {{wipa|rad|ia}}
| {{tipa|ia}}
| {{wipa|rad|ua}}
| {{tipa|ua}}
|-
|-
! mid-open
! mid-open
| {{wipa|rad|œa}}
| {{tipa|œa}}
| {{wipa|rad|ɔa}}
| {{tipa|ɔa}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | closing
! rowspan="2" | closing
! mid-close
! mid-close
| {{wipa|rad|ei øi}}
| {{tipa|ei øi}}
| {{wipa|rad|ɤi ɔi}}
| {{tipa|ɤi ɔi}}
|-
|-
! open-close
! open-close
| {{wipa|rad|ai}}
| {{tipa|ai}}
| {{wipa|rad|au}}
| {{tipa|au}}
|}
|}
Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes.
Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes.
It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian.
It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian.
There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels.
There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels.
Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{wipa|rad|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{wipa|rad|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{wipa|rad|/ie/}} and {{wipa|rad|/uo/}} also have long counterparts: {{wipa|rad|/iːe/}} and {{wipa|rad|/uːo/}} respectively.
Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{tipa|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{tipa|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{tipa|/ie/}} and {{tipa|/uo/}} also have long counterparts: {{tipa|/iːe/}} and {{tipa|/uːo/}} respectively.


The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth').
The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{tipa|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth').


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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|-
|-
! nasal
! nasal
| {{wipa|rad|m}}
| {{tipa|m}}
!  
!  
| {{wipa|rad|n}}
| {{tipa|n}}
!  
!  
| {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}
| {{tipa|[ɲ]}}
| {{wipa|rad|ŋ}}
| {{tipa|ŋ}}
!  
!  
|-
|-
! plosive
! plosive
| {{wipa|rad|p b}}
| {{tipa|p b}}
!  
!  
| {{wipa|rad|t d}}
| {{tipa|t d}}
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
| {{wipa|rad|k ɡ}}
| {{tipa|k ɡ}}
!  
!  
|-
|-
! fricative
! fricative
| {{wipa|rad|f v}}
| {{tipa|f v}}
| {{wipa|rad|θ ð}}
| {{tipa|θ ð}}
| {{wipa|rad|s z}}
| {{tipa|s z}}
| {{wipa|rad|ʃ ʒ}}
| {{tipa|ʃ ʒ}}
| {{wipa|rad|(ç) [ʝ]}}
| {{tipa|(ç) [ʝ]}}
| {{wipa|rad|[x] (ɣ)}}
| {{tipa|[x] (ɣ)}}
| {{wipa|rad|h}}
| {{tipa|h}}
|-
|-
! affricative
! affricative
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
| {{wipa|rad|ts dz}}
| {{tipa|ts dz}}
| {{wipa|rad|tʃ dʒ}}
| {{tipa|tʃ dʒ}}
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
|-
|-
! glide
! glide
| {{wipa|rad|(w)}}
| {{tipa|(w)}}
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" |  
| {{wipa|rad|j}}
| {{tipa|j}}
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
|-
|-
! rhotic
! rhotic
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
| {{wipa|rad|r}}
| {{tipa|r}}
! colspan="4" |  
! colspan="4" |  
|-
|-
! lateral
! lateral
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
| {{wipa|rad|l}}
| {{tipa|l}}
!  
!  
| {{wipa|rad|(ʎ)}}
| {{tipa|(ʎ)}}
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
|}
|}


Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes {{wipa|rad|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{wipa|rad|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects.
Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes {{tipa|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{tipa|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{tipa|/ç/}}is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{tipa|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects.


The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated:
The phonological status of {{tipa|[ɲ]}} has been debated:
the most widely accepted one is a biphonemic interpretation, {{wipa|rad|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{wipa|rad|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{wipa|rad|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}}.
the most widely accepted one is a biphonemic interpretation, {{tipa|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{tipa|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{tipa|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{tipa|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{tipa|/ʃ/}}.
Most speakers, however, do realise {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} as {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}.
Most speakers, however, do realise {{tipa|/nj/}} as {{tipa|[ɲ]}}.


The status of {{wipa|rad|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech,
The status of {{tipa|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech,
though in standard speech, it tends to be approximated to {{wipa|rad|/h/}}, which is also accepted.
though in standard speech, it tends to be approximated to {{tipa|/h/}}, which is also accepted.
As such, it can be realised as {{wipa|rad|[x]}} before consonants.
As such, it can be realised as {{tipa|[x]}} before consonants.
It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally,
It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally,
and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħa}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}.
and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħa}} may be realised as {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}.
Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant,
Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant,
but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħs}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}.
but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħs}} may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{wipa|rad|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''.
A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{tipa|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''.


=== Prosody ===
=== Prosody ===
Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{wipa|rad|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo').
Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{tipa|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{tipa|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo').


== Writing system ==
== Writing system ==

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