-oð

Laefevian

Etymology

From Proto-Laefevic *-əwdʱəh, from Proto-Laenkean *-ɯwdʱɯs, a gerund-forming suffix.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-oð/ [-oð̥]

Suffix

-oð (consonant stem)

1. Used to form nouns from verbs, an action or the result of an action; analogous to English gerund suffix -ing and similar to -ation or -ment.

   njotad (“to read”) → njotoð (“reading”)

   sênad (“to write”) → sênoð (“writing”)

   tanhluvad (“to fulfil”) → tanhluvoð (“fulfilment”)

   unhñôevad (“to subtract”) → unhñôevoð (“subtraction”)

Declension

Primary case declension of -oð (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-oð	-oðund	-oðir
accusative	-oðe	-oðundi	-oði
genitive	-oðau	-oðundas	-oðas, -oðiras†
dative	-oðun	-oðundon	-oðirons, -oðonc
locative	-oðul	-oðundos	-oðiross, -oðosc
instrumental	-oðô	-oðundêt	-oðirêts, -oðêtc
Note: † archaic, s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.

Secondary case declension of -oð (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-oðere	-oðundire	-oðire
illative	-oðele	-oðundile	-oðile
benefactive	-oðear	-oðundiar	-oðiar
prolative	-oðekwe	-oðundikwe	-oðikwe
causal-final	-oðedis	-oðundirris	-oðirris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-oðôka	-oðundirka	-oðirka
elative	-oðôtan	-oðundirtan	-oðirtan
ablative	-oðaôn	-oðundiruôn	-oðiruôn
essive	-oðôjøn	-oðundirjøn	-oðirjøn
abessive	-oðôze	-oðundirse	-oðirse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-oðumas	-oðundirmas	-oðirmas
lative	-oðunši	-oðundirši	-oðirši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-oðuneres, -oðunerc	-oðundirorres, -oðundorrec	-oðirorres, -oðorrec
inessive	-oðulle	-oðundirolles, -oðundollec	-oðirolles, -oðollec
exessive	-oðunun	-oðundirsun	-oðirsun
perlative	-oðuffêl	-oðundirfêl	-oðirfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-oðôske	-oðundirêskes, -oðundêskec	-oðirêskes, -oðêskec
comitative	-oðôsôds, -oðôdc	-oðundirtôds, -oðundôdc	-oðirtôd
Note: s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.