Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions

'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈvlɤ̃ˑzä ä‿rːɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[rɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}.

Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{wipa|rad|/ʃ~ç/}} distinction.

The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} and its merging with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}.

Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈçaːdvä̃ˑθs]}} itself.

| {{wipa|rad|i (y)}}

| {{wipa|rad|u}}

| {{wipa|rad|iː}}

| {{wipa|rad|uː}}

| {{wipa|rad|iːː}}

| {{wipa|rad|uːː}}

| {{wipa|rad|ɛ œ}}

| {{wipa|rad|ɤ ɔ}}

| {{wipa|rad|(eː)<br>æː}}

| {{wipa|rad|(oː)<br>ɔː}}

| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|a}}

| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aː}}

| colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aːː}}

| {{wipa|rad|ie iːe}}

| {{wipa|rad|uo uːo}}

| {{wipa|rad|ia}}

| {{wipa|rad|ua}}

| {{wipa|rad|œa}}

| {{wipa|rad|ɔa}}

| {{wipa|rad|ei øi}}

| {{wipa|rad|ɤi ɔi}}

| {{wipa|rad|ai}}

| {{wipa|rad|au}}

Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{wipa|rad|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{wipa|rad|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{wipa|rad|/ie/}} and {{wipa|rad|/uo/}} also have long counterparts: {{wipa|rad|/iːe/}} and {{wipa|rad|/uːo/}} respectively.

The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth').

| {{wipa|rad|m}}

| {{wipa|rad|n}}

| {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}

| {{wipa|rad|ŋ}}

| {{wipa|rad|p b}}

| {{wipa|rad|t d}}

| {{wipa|rad|k ɡ}}

| {{wipa|rad|f v}}

| {{wipa|rad|θ ð}}

| {{wipa|rad|s z}}

| {{wipa|rad|ʃ ʒ}}

| {{wipa|rad|(ç) [ʝ]}}

| {{wipa|rad|[x] (ɣ)}}

| {{wipa|rad|h}}

| {{wipa|rad|ts dz}}

| {{wipa|rad|tʃ dʒ}}

| {{wipa|rad|(w)}}

| {{wipa|rad|j}}

| {{wipa|rad|r}}

| {{wipa|rad|l}}

| {{wipa|rad|(ʎ)}}

Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes {{wipa|rad|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{wipa|rad|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects.

The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated:

the most widely accepted one is a biphonemic interpretation, {{wipa|rad|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{wipa|rad|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{wipa|rad|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}}.

Most speakers, however, do realise {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} as {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}.

The status of {{wipa|rad|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech,

though in standard speech, it tends to be approximated to {{wipa|rad|/h/}}, which is also accepted.

As such, it can be realised as {{wipa|rad|[x]}} before consonants.

and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħa}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}.

but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħs}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}.

A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{wipa|rad|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''.

Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{wipa|rad|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo').