ha

Radestrian

Alternative forms

• -a (pronominal enclitic)
• -ga (pronominal enclitic after -n)
• -ra (pronominal enclitic after a vowel)
• ra (dialectal)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ha/
  • (colloquial) /hɤ/
• Rhymes: -a ⁽⁵⁸⁾, -ɤ ⁽⁵⁾

Etymology 1

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *har, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄os, from Proto-Laenkean *pos.

Preposition

ha

1. (spatial) behind

   Antonym: svíma

2. (spatial) behind, after, with

   Antonym: svíma

   Sjûșa vâsta!

   Run after him!

   Teka rá hjierodzíd, hjeà vastvíma.

   Swim with the rip tide, not against it.

3. (temporal, spatial) after, in

   Antonym: svíma

   rá slavun

   after the war

   Ha dvoðain horte.

   I’m going in an hour.

   Ha ara lenireljes tuolga la taișt.

   In one kilometre, turn left.

4. (temporal) for (an amount of time)

   Hnaol-age ha dvuost.

   I’ll be gone for a day.

5. (abstract) as (role)
6. (abstract) with, for, in favour of

   Antonym: svíma

7. (abstract) about, of, on

   dráve ha hrídirid

   a book on trees

   Ha vetad gjø dymyetú?

   Are you talking about me?

Etymology 2

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *hır, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɯs, from Proto-Laenkean *kɯs.

Preposition

ha

1. (spatial) off, from

   Rá șverieng hjaoșei.

   I fell down/off/from the stairs.

2. (abstract) than [with genitive]

   ha hriezg detuobș

   bigger than a tree

Usage notes

• When followed by the definite article, ha combines with the article to produce the following forms:

Combined forms of ha
+ a	+ a'	+ ag	+ ai	+ i	+ u
rá	rá'	r’ag	r’ai	r’i	r’u

• The combined forms maintain the r- from the Middle Radestrian hra, whereas the base form maintains the h-.
• The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:

Combined pronominal forms of ha
case	personal
	SG				PL					REFL	RECP
	1	2	3		1		2	3
			ANIM	INAN	INCL	EXCL		ANIM	INAN
	ú	re	vâs	vara	dzun	dzate	sjáște	vír	vara	dzist	dzjed
[genitive]	veska /ˈvɛska/	raska /ˈraska/	vâska /ˈvɤska/	vaska /ˈvaska/	dzmesa /ˈdzmɛsa/	dzatûsa /ˈdzatɤsa/	sjása /ˈʃaːsa/	vjesa /ˈvjɛsa/	vaisa /ˈvaisa/	dziska /ˈdziska/	dzjesa /ˈdʒɛsa/
[dative]	venga /ˈvɛŋɡa/	ranga /ˈraŋɡa/	vânga /ˈvɤŋɡa/	vanga /ˈvaŋɡa/	dzmenga /ˈdzmɛŋɡa/	dzatunga /ˈdzatɤŋɡa/	sjánga /ˈʃaːŋɡa/	vjenga /ˈvjɛŋɡa/	vainga /ˈvaiŋɡa/	dzinga /ˈdziŋɡa/	dzjenga /ˈdʒɛŋɡa/
[accusative]	vesta /ˈvɛsta/	rasta /ˈrasta/	vâsta /ˈvɤsta/	vasta /ˈvasta/	dzmeda /ˈdzmɛda/	dzatuda /ˈdzatuda/	sjáda /ˈʃaːda/	vjeda /ˈvjɛda/	vaida /ˈvaida/	dzista /ˈdzista/	dzjeda /ˈdʒɛda/
case	number	interrogative- existential		demonstrative		quantifier
		ANIM	INAN	PROX	DIST	indefinite		general indefinite		collective
						ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN
		bjaș	bjar	kjes	okjes	baus	bvar	bjaș-á	bjar-á	vaus	var
[genitive]	SG	bjáska /ˈbjaːska/	biska /ˈbiska/	kuora /ˈkuora/	okuora /ɔˈkuora/	byeska /ˈbieska/	buska /ˈbɤska/	bjáska-vá /ˈbjaːskavaː/	biska-vá /ˈbiskavaː/	vaoska /ˈvɔːska/	utuora /uˈtuora/
	PL	bjaisa /ˈbjaisa/	bjesa /ˈbjɛsa/	tesa /ˈtɛsa/	otesa /ˈɔtɛsa/	bausa /ˈbausa/	bøsa /ˈbœsa/	bjaisa-vá /ˈbjaisavaː/	bjesa-vá /ˈbjɛsavaː/
[dative]	SG	bjára /ˈbjaːra/	binga /ˈbiŋɡa/	kara /ˈkara/	okara /ˈɔkara/	bára /ˈbaːra/	bunga /ˈbɤŋɡa/	bjára-vá /ˈbjaːravaː/	binga-vá /ˈbiŋɡavaː/	vára /ˈvaːra/	uvara /ˈuvara/
	PL	bjainga /ˈbjaiŋɡa/	bjenga /ˈbjɛŋɡa/	tenga /ˈtɛŋɡa/	otenga /ɔˈtɛŋɡa/	baunga /ˈbauŋɡa/	bønga /ˈbœŋɡa/	bjainga-vá /ˈbjaiŋɡavaː/	bjenga-vá /ˈbjɛŋɡavaː/
[accusative]	SG	bjásta /ˈbjaːsta/	bista /ˈbista/	kada /ˈkada/	okada /ˈɔkada/	byesta /ˈbiesta/	busta /ˈbɤsta/	bjásta-vá /ˈbjaːstavaː/	bista-vá /ˈbistavaː/	vaosta /ˈvɔːsta/	utada /ˈutada/
	PL	bjaida /ˈbjaida/	bjeda /ˈbjɛda/	teda /ˈtɛda/	oteda /ˈɔtɛda/	bauda /ˈbauda/	bøda /ˈbœda/	bjaida-vá /ˈbjaidavaː/	bjeda-vá /ˈbjɛdavaː/

See also

Radestrian spatial prepositions
space	position	goal	source	transit
exterior	lara [genitive] outside	lara [accusative] outside	allara [genitive] from outside	ýra [accusative] past, by
interior (bound space)	la [dative] in, at	la [accusative] into, to	an [genitive] out, from	ý [accusative] through
immersion	tí [instrumental] between, amidst, in	latí [accusative] between, into	antí [genitive] from between, out
establishment	sje [dative] at	sá [dative] to	tí [accusative] from
boundary	ní [instrumental] by, at, beside			ynan [dative] along
plane (unbound space)	er [dative] on, at	er [accusative] onto, to		ý [accusative] through
superior surface			ha [genitive] off	teșa [genitive] across, over
vertical/inferior surface	yn [dative] on	yn [accusative] onto	an [genitive] off	ynan [dative] across, along
company	vas [instrumental] with
absence	ir [accusative] without
centre	ralga [genitive] in the middle of	lavas [accusative] into the middle of	anvas [genitive] from the middle of	ervas [dative] around
anterior	svíma [dative] in front of, before, opposite	svíma [accusative] towards, against	ansvíma [genitive] from in front of
posterior	ha [dative] behind, after	ha [accusative] behind, after	ana [genitive] from behind
superior	fje [dative] above	fje [accusative] above	anfje [genitive] from above
inferior	taon [dative] below	taon [accusative] below	andaon [genitive] from below
vicinity	nvieru [genitive] near			hjeral [genitive] around

Radestrian temporal prepositions
before	time frame			after
	beginning	point of reference	end
svíma [dative] before, ago	tí [instrumental] within, in			ha [dative] after, in
	an [genitive] from (… on)	ha [accusative] for
	an [genitive] since, for		yn [accusative] until, by, for
		ý [accusative] during
		sje [dative] at, with, upon (event)
		er [dative] at (clock time)
		la [dative] on (day), in (month)