ha

Radestrian

Alternative forms

• -a (pronominal enclitic)
• -ga (pronominal enclitic after -n)
• -ra (pronominal enclitic after a vowel)
• ra (dialectal)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ha/
  • (colloquial) /hɤ/
• Rhymes: -a ⁽⁵⁸⁾, -ɤ ⁽⁵⁾

Etymology 1

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *har, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄os, from Proto-Laenkean *pos.

Preposition

ha

1. (spatial) behind

   Antonym: svíma

2. (spatial) behind, after, with

   Antonym: svíma

   Sjûșa vâsta!

   Run after him!

   Teka rá hjierodzíd, hjeà vastvíma.

   Swim with the rip tide, not against it.

3. (temporal, spatial) after, in

   Antonym: svíma

   rá slavun

   after the war

   Ha dvoðain horte.

   I’m going in an hour.

   Ha ara lenireljes tuolga la taișt.

   In one kilometre, turn left.

4. (temporal) for (an amount of time)

   Hnaol-age ha dvuost.

   I’ll be gone for a day.

5. (abstract) as (role)
6. (abstract) with, for, in favour of

   Antonym: svíma

7. (abstract) about, of, on

   dráve ha hrídirid

   a book on trees

   Ha vetad gjø dymyetú?

   Are you talking about me?

Etymology 2

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *hır, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɯs, from Proto-Laenkean *kɯs.

Preposition

ha

1. (spatial) off, from

   Rá șverieng hjaoșei.

   I fell down/off/from the stairs.

2. (abstract) than [with genitive]

   ha hriezg detuobș

   bigger than a tree

Usage notes

• When followed by the definite article, ha combines with the article to produce the following forms:

Combined forms of ha
+ a	+ a'	+ ag	+ ai	+ i	+ u
rá	rá'	r’ag	r’ai	r’i	r’u

• The combined forms maintain the r- from the Middle Radestrian hra, whereas the base form maintains the h-.
• The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:

Combined pronominal forms of ha
case	personal											interrogative- existential		demonstrative		quantifier
	SG				PL					REFL	RECP	ANIM	INAN	PROX	DIST	collective		indefinite		general indefinite
	1	2	3		1		2	3								ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN
			ANIM	INAN	INCL	EXCL		ANIM	INAN
[with genitive]	veska	raska	vâska	vaska	dzmesa	dzatusa	sjása	vjesa	vaisa	dziska	dzjesa	bjáska	biska	kuora	okuora	vaoska	utuora	byeska	buska	bjáska-vá	biska-vá
[with dative]	venga	ranga	vânga	vanga	dzmenga	dzatunga	sjánga	vjenga	vainga	dzinga	dzjenga	bjára	binga	kara	okara	vára	uvara	bára	bunga	bjára-vá	binga-vá
[with accusative]	vesta	rasta	vâsta	vasta	dzmeda	dzatuda	sjáda	vjeda	vaida	dzista	dzjeda	bjásta	bista	kada	okada	vaosta	utada	byesta	busta	bjásta-vá	bista-vá

See also

Radestrian spatial prepositions
space	position	goal	source	transit
exterior	lara [genitive] outside	lara [accusative] outside	allara [genitive] from outside	ýra [accusative] past, by
interior (bound space)	la [dative] in, at	la [accusative] into, to	an [genitive] out, from	ý [accusative] through
immersion	tí [instrumental] between, amidst, in	latí [accusative] between, into	antí [genitive] from between, out
establishment	sje [dative] at	sá [dative] to	tí [accusative] from
boundary	ní [instrumental] by, at, beside			ynan [dative] along
plane (unbound space)	er [dative] on, at	er [accusative] onto, to		ý [accusative] through
superior surface			ha [genitive] off	teșa [genitive] across, over
vertical/inferior surface	yn [dative] on	yn [accusative] onto	an [genitive] off	ynan [dative] across, along
company	vas [instrumental] with
absence	ir [accusative] without
centre	ralga [genitive] in the middle of	lavas [accusative] into the middle of	anvas [genitive] from the middle of	ervas [dative] around
anterior	svíma [dative] in front of, before, opposite	svíma [accusative] towards, against	ansvíma [genitive] from in front of
posterior	ha [dative] behind, after	ha [accusative] behind, after	ana [genitive] from behind
superior	fje [dative] above	fje [accusative] above	anfje [genitive] from above
inferior	taon [dative] below	taon [accusative] below	andaon [genitive] from below
vicinity	nvieru [genitive] near			hjeral [genitive] around

Radestrian temporal prepositions
before	time frame			after
	beginning	point of reference	end
svíma [dative] before, ago	tí [instrumental] within, in			ha [dative] after, in
	an [genitive] from (… on)	ha [accusative] for
	an [genitive] since, for		yn [accusative] until, by, for
		ý [accusative] during
		sje [dative] at, with, upon (event)
		er [dative] at (clock time)
		la [dative] on (day), in (month)