-est: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:52, 5 April 2025

Nominalised form of -is, equivalent to -is + -þ (-noun-deriving suffix).

-est (nominal, consonant stem)

(productive) Added to transitive verbs to form words meaning a person or thing that is the object of that verb (i.e., to whom or to which an action is done); akin to English -ee.
volad (“to teach”) → voljest (“learner, pupil, student”)

lestynad (“to domesticate”) → lestynjest (“domestic animal”)

ôhñôevad (“to add, to sum”) → ôhñôelvest (“addend, summand, augend”)

ynad (“to know”) → ynjest (“acquaintance”)

nekad (“to catch”) → nešest (“captive”)
(productive) Added to nouns to create terms for people who attend, participate in, or go to an event; similar to English -goer.
ôdøst (“fair”) → ôdøssest (“fairgoer”)

juohda (“festival”) → juohdest (“festivalgoer”)

The suffix causes palatalisation of the final stem consonant or consonant cluster in sense 1 but may not always happen in sense 2.

Primary case declension of -est (see Laefevian declension)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-est	-estund	-estir
accusative	-este	-estundi	-esti
genitive	-estau	-estundas	-estas, -estiras^†
dative	-estun	-estundon	-estiron^s, -eston^c
locative	-estul	-estundos	-estiros^s, -estos^c
instrumental	-estô	-estundêt	-estirêt^s, -estêt^c
Note: ^† archaic, ^s standard or formal, ^c colloquial or informal.

Secondary case declension of -est (see Laefevian declension)
accusative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
sublative	-estere	-estundire	-estire
illative	-estele	-estundile	-estile
benefactive	-estear	-estundiar	-estiar
prolative	-estekwe	-estundikwe	-estikwe
causal-final	-estedis	-estundirris	-estirris
genitive-based cases	singular	dual	plural
delative	-estôka	-estundirka	-estirka
elative	-estôtan	-estundirtan	-estirtan
ablative	-estaôn	-estundiruôn	-estiruôn
essive	-estôjøn	-estundirjøn	-estirjøn
abessive	-estôze	-estundirse	-estirse
dative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
terminative	-estumas	-estundirmas	-estirmas
lative	-estunši	-estundirši	-estirši
locative-based cases	singular	dual	plural
superessive	-estunere^s, -estuner^c	-estundirorre^s, -estundorre^c	-estirorre^s, -estorre^c
inessive	-estulle	-estundirolle^s, -estundolle^c	-estirolle^s, -estolle^c
exessive	-estunun	-estundirsun	-estirsun
perlative	-estuffêl	-estundirfêl	-estirfêl
instrumental-based cases	singular	dual	plural
translative	-estôske	-estundirêske^s, -estundêske^c	-estirêske^s, -estêske^c
comitative	-estôsôd^s, -estôd^c	-estundirtôd^s, -estundôd^c	-estirtôd
Note: ^s standard or formal, ^c colloquial or informal.

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 # {{lb|lfv|productive}} ''Added to nouns to create terms for people who attend, participate in, or go to an event; similar to English {{eng|goer|-goer}}.''
 #: {{m|lfv|ôdøst|t=fair}} → {{m|lfv|ôdøssest|t=fairgoer}}
+#: {{m|lfv|juohda|t=festival}} → {{m|lfv|juohdest|t=festivalgoer}}
 ==== Usage notes ====
-The suffix causes palatalisation of the final stem consonant or consonant cluster.
+The suffix causes palatalisation of the final stem consonant or consonant cluster in sense 1 but may not always happen in sense 2.
 ==== Declension ====