hjeat

Radestrian

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian héhtt, from Old Radestrian hǫhtt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hǫhht, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɤ̄h-, from Proto-Laenkean *kajʔ-. The past forms, participles and verbal noun come from Proto-Radic *huh-, a suppletive stem from Proto-Laenkean *tuʔ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʃæːt/
  • (colloquial) /jæːt/ ⟨/span⟩⟨span⟩ ('as post-consonantal clitic')
  • (hjádvanþs) /çæːt/
• Rhyme: -æːt ⁽³⁾

Verb

hjeat (first-person singular non-past hjei, second-person singular non-past hjeà, third-person singular non-past hjeaș, first-person singular past húei, -úei, present adverbial participle hûșevú, -ûșevú, past adverbial participle hovúl, -ovúl, verbal noun huonș, -uonș)

1. (copulative) to not be

   Antonym: vat

   Hjeà re heņreks.

   You are no king.

2. (copulative) used with adjectival predicates to negate characteristics of the subject

   Ú þyriș hjei.

   I am not German.

3. (copulative) used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject

   Ú ỉ hjei.

   I’m not hot. / I don’t feel hot.

4. (impersonal) to not exist, there not to be; also used in constructions which translate as to not have

   Hjeaș þraniris la virșa dziun.

   There are no animals in my house.

   Ven dzínig hjeaș.

   I don't have a daughter. (lit. To me there isn’t a daughter.)

5. (intransitive) to not be (in a place, at a time)

   A haldzỉr teral-úeș.

   The architect wasn’t here.

6. (auxiliary) to not, negates a proposition [with connegative]

   Húei dzoru orasta.

   I didn't sing a song.

7. (auxiliary) to not be (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
8. (auxiliary) to not have (used to form the negated perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)
9. no (response to closed questions)

   Antonym: gje

   — Gjøn rredeșeí dymyet?
   — Hjei.

   — Do you speak Radestrian?
   — No(, I don't).

Usage notes

• When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive.
• The connegative of vat, *vata, does not exist: hjeat on its own means to not be, unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb.
  • Note also that hjeat has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see vat.
• As an auxiliary, hjeat must still bear all matrix inflection.
  • The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as hjeat does not have passive forms.
• When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial h- elided (not hj-) can be used.
• The verb hjeat does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of vat.

Conjugation

Conjugation of hjeat (active voice, irregular△)
nonfinite forms
infinitive			hjeat /ʃæːt/
connegative			hjeat does not have a connegative
supine			hjeatúr /ˈʃæːtuːr/
participle	present	adjectival	hûșeș, -ûșeș (enclitic) /ˈhɤʃɛʃ/ /-ɤʃɛʃ/
		adverbial	hûșevú, -ûșevú (enclitic) /ˈhɤʃɛvuː/ /-ɤʃɛvuː/
	past	adjectival	hovúș, -ovúș (enclitic) /ˈhɔvuːʃ/ /-ɔvuːʃ/
		adverbial	hovúl, -ovúl (enclitic) /ˈhɔvuːl/ /-ɔvuːl/
verbal noun			hovaș, -ovaș (enclitic) /ˈhɔvaʃ/ /-ɔvaʃ/
finite forms			singular					plural					humble
			first	second		third	depersonal	first		second	third	depersonal	second
				informal	formal			inclusive	exclusive
			ú	re	lește	vâs, vara	gjei, gjen, gjeș …	dzun, sted	dzate	sjáște	vír, vara	gjes, gjete, gje, gjen …	sja, lai
simple	imperative			hjeà /ˈʃɛ.a/	hjeúș /ˈʃɛ.uːʃ/			hjeuoș /ˈʃɛ.uoʃ/		hjeovú /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuː/			hjeúr /ˈʃɛ.uːr/
	indicative	non-past	hjei /ʃai/		hjeaș /ʃæːʃ/		hje /ʃɛ/	hjeuos /ˈʃɛ.uos/	hjeuote /ʃɛˈuotɛ/	hjeú /ˈʃɛ.uː/			hjeún /ˈʃɛ.uːn/
		past	húei, -úei (enclitic) /ˈhuːei/ /-uːei/	húen, -úen (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛn/ /-uːɛn/	húeș, -úeș (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛʃ/ /-uːɛʃ/		húe, -úe (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛ/ /-uːɛ/	hủos, -ủos (enclitic) /huːos/ /-uːos/	hủote, -ủote (enclitic) /ˈhuːotɛ/ /-uːotɛ/	hủ, -ủ (enclitic) /huːː/ /-uːː/			hủn, -ủn (enclitic) /huːːn/ /-uːːn/
	subjunctive	non-past	hjeai /ˈʃɛ.ai/	hjeá /ˈʃɛ.aː/	hjeàș /ˈʃɛ.aʃ/		hjeà /ˈʃɛ.a/	hjeàvuos /ˈʃɛ.avuos/	hjeàvuote /ˈʃɛ.avuotɛ/	hjeàvú /ˈʃɛ.avuː/			hjeàvún /ˈʃɛ.avuːn/
		past	húai, -úai (enclitic) /ˈhuːai/ /-uːai/	húain, -úain (enclitic) /ˈhuːain/ /-uːain/	húaiș, -úaiș (enclitic) /ˈhuːaiʃ/ /-uːaiʃ/		húai, -úai (enclitic) /ˈhuːai/ /-uːai/	húavuos, -úavuos (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuos/ /-uːavuos/	húavuote, -úavuote (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuotɛ/ /-uːavuotɛ/	húavú, -úavú (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuː/ /-uːavuː/			húavún, -úavún (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuːn/ /-uːavuːn/
	optative	non-past	hjeúe /ʃɛˈuːɛ/	hjeova /ˈʃɛ.ɔva/	hjeúș /ˈʃɛ.uːʃ/		hjeú /ˈʃɛ.uː/	hjeovuos /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuos/	hjeovuote /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuotɛ/	hjeovú /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuː/			hjeovún /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːn/
		past	húevei, -úevei (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvei/ /-uːɛvei/	húeven, -úeven (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛn/ /-uːɛvɛn/	húeveș, -úeveș (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛʃ/ /-uːɛvɛʃ/		húeve, -úeve (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛ/ /-uːɛvɛ/	húevuos, -úevuos (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuos/ /-uːɛvuos/	húevuote, -úevuote (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuotɛ/ /-uːɛvuotɛ/	húevú, -úevú (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuː/ /-uːɛvuː/			húevún, -úevún (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuːn/ /-uːɛvuːn/
habitual	indicative	non-past	hjeriè /ˈʃɛri.ɛ/	hjerin /ˈʃɛrin/	hjeriș /ˈʃɛriʃ/		hjeri /ˈʃɛri/	hjeúris /ʃɛˈuːris/	hjeúrite /ʃɛˈuːritɛ/	hjeúri /ʃɛˈuːri/			hjeúrin /ʃɛˈuːrin/
		past	húeriè, -úeriè (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛri.ɛ/ /-uːɛri.ɛ/	húerin, -úerin (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛrin/ /-uːɛrin/	húeriș, -úeriș (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛriʃ/ /-uːɛriʃ/		húeri, -úeri (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛri/ /-uːɛri/	hủris, -ủris (enclitic) /ˈhuːːris/ /-uːːris/	hủrite, -ủrite (enclitic) /ˈhuːːritɛ/ /-uːːritɛ/	hủri, -ủri (enclitic) /ˈhuːːri/ /-uːːri/			hủrin, -ủrin (enclitic) /ˈhuːːrin/ /-uːːrin/
	subjunctive	non-past	hjeàriè /ʃɛˈari.ɛ/	hjeàrin /ˈʃɛ.arin/	hjeàriș /ˈʃɛ.ariʃ/		hjeàri /ˈʃɛ.ari/	hjeàvúris /ˈʃɛ.avuːris/	hjeàvúrite /ˈʃɛ.avuːritɛ/	hjeàvúri /ˈʃɛ.avuːri/			hjeàvúrin /ˈʃɛ.avuːrin/
		past	húairiè, -úairiè (enclitic) /ˈhuːairi.ɛ/ /-uːairi.ɛ/	húairin, -úairin (enclitic) /ˈhuːairin/ /-uːairin/	húairiș, -úairiș (enclitic) /ˈhuːairiʃ/ /-uːairiʃ/		húairi, -úairi (enclitic) /ˈhuːairi/ /-uːairi/	húavúris, -úavúris (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuːris/ /-uːavuːris/	húavúrite, -úavúrite (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuːritɛ/ /-uːavuːritɛ/	húavúri, -úavúri (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuːri/ /-uːavuːri/			húavúrin, -úavúrin (enclitic) /ˈhuːavuːrin/ /-uːavuːrin/
	optative	non-past	hjeúriè /ʃɛˈuːri.ɛ/	hjeúrin /ʃɛˈuːrin/	hjeúriș /ʃɛˈuːriʃ/		hjeúri /ʃɛˈuːri/	hjeovúris /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːris/	hjeovúrite /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːritɛ/	hjeovúri /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːri/			hjeovúrin /ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːrin/
		past	húeveriè, -úeveriè (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛri.ɛ/ /-uːɛvɛri.ɛ/	húeverin, -úeverin (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛrin/ /-uːɛvɛrin/	húeveriș, -úeveriș (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛriʃ/ /-uːɛvɛriʃ/		húeveri, -úeveri (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvɛri/ /-uːɛvɛri/	húevúris, -úevúris (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuːris/ /-uːɛvuːris/	húevúrite, -úevúrite (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuːritɛ/ /-uːɛvuːritɛ/	húevúri, -úevúri (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuːri/ /-uːɛvuːri/			húevúrin, -úevúrin (enclitic) /ˈhuːɛvuːrin/ /-uːɛvuːrin/