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== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==
[[Category:Radestrian lemmas]]
 
[[Category:Radestrian particles]]
=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{Proto|Radic|ɣe}}, from {{Proto|Hirdic|ghe}}, from {{Proto|Laenkean|g(ʱ)e/o(j)-}}.
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|gje}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|ɣe}},
inherited
from {{inherit|rad|rad-pro|ɣe}},
from {{inherit|rad|hrd-pro|ghe}},
from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|g(ʱ)e/o(j?)-}}.
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|g(ʱ)e/o(j?)-}}


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{rad-pr|j|ɛ}}
{{rad-pronunciation}}


=== Particle ===
=== Particle ===
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}'''
{{head|rad|particle
 
}}
# ''focalising particle''
# ''focalising particle''
{{defex|Ú ran hovend '''gjei''' devúl.<br>Hovend '''gjei''' ran devúl.|'''I'''’ve ('''even''') made you cake.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ran hovend <b>gjei</b> devúl.<br>Hovend ran <b>gjei</b> devúl.|<b>I</b>’ve (<b>even</b>) made you cake.}}
{{defex|Lirș draos '''gjeș''' kad dișe!|Your sister('''’s the one that''') did this!}}
#: {{ex|rad|Lirșu nraos kad <b>gjeș</b> dișe!|Your sister(<b>’s the one that</b>) did this!}}
# ''relativising particle''
# {{eng|that}}, {{eng|which}} (relativising particle)
{{defex|lyejþs, '''vâst gjei''' varje|the person '''(that) I''' saw}}
#: {{ex|rad|u lyejþs, <b>vâst gjei</b> vare|the person (<b>that</b>) I saw}}
{{defex|hovens, '''vara gjeș''' er loráleva hâle|the cake '''that''' was on the table}}
#: {{ex|rad|    a hovens, <b>vara gjeș</b> erja loráleva hâle|the cake <b>that</b> was on the table}}
# {{eng|yes}}, ''response to closed questions''
# ''forms indirect questions''
{{defex|— Gjøn hredeșeí dymyet?<br>— '''Gjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>—'''Yes(, I do)'''.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Sjelge, <b>vast gjen</b> devúl.|I know <b>what</b> you’ve done.}}
# {{eng|yes}} (response to closed questions)
#: {{antonyms|rad|hjeat}}
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?<br>— <b>Gjei</b>.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— <b>Yes(, I do)</b>.}}


==== Usage notes ====
==== Usage notes ====
* This particle adopts all personal agreement from the clause verb, leaving the verb in its impersonal form.
{{rad-depersonal|particle}}
** The impersonal form of ''{{wl-rad|vat}}'' in the indicative non-past is ∅, unless emphatic.
* As a focalising particle, it may not always be interpreted as emphatic. It is common, for example, to use it after any fronted elements or clauses.
* As a relativising particle, the relativised element must be a definite pro-form. In colloquial usage, the pro-form can be omitted if it is the subject or direct object of the relative clause.
*: {{ex|rad|u lyejþs, *vâst* gjei vare.|the person *that* I saw}}
*: {{ex|rad|u lyejþs, gjei vare.|the person I saw}}


==== Inflection ====
==== Inflection ====
{{rad-persconj}}
{{rad-persconj}}
* In imperative clauses, the form {{m|rad|gjer}} can also be found.
*: {{ex|rad|Kjezș *gjer*-ast de!|Do it now!}}


==== See also ====
==== See also ====
* {{wl-rad|gjø}}
{{columns|rad|gjø}}

Latest revision as of 12:11, 18 October 2024

Radestrian

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian gje, from Old Radestrian ɣe, inherited from Proto-Radic *ɣe, from Proto-Hirdic *ghe, from Proto-Laenkean *g(ʱ)e/o(j?)-.

Pronunciation

Particle

gje

  1. focalising particle
    Ú ran hovend gjei devúl.
    Hovend ran gjei devúl.
    I’ve (even) made you cake.
    Lirșu nraos kad gjeș dișe!
    Your sister(’s the one that) did this!
  2. that, which (relativising particle)
    u lyejþs, vâst gjei vare
    the person (that) I saw
    a hovens, vara gjeș erja loráleva hâle
    the cake that was on the table
  3. forms indirect questions
    Sjelge, vast gjen devúl.
    I know what you’ve done.
  4. yes (response to closed questions)
    Antonym: hjeat
    — Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?
    — Gjei.
    — Do you speak Radestrian?
    — Yes(, I do).

Usage notes

  • This particle adopts all personal agreement from the clause verb, leaving the verb in its depersonal form.
    • The depersonal form of vat in the indicative non-past is ∅, unless emphatic.
  • As a focalising particle, it may not always be interpreted as emphatic. It is common, for example, to use it after any fronted elements or clauses.
  • As a relativising particle, the relativised element must be a definite pro-form. In colloquial usage, the pro-form can be omitted if it is the subject or direct object of the relative clause.
    u lyejþs, vâst gjei vare.
    the person that I saw
    u lyejþs, gjei vare.
    the person I saw

Inflection

Inflection of gje  
person singular plural
first inclusive gjei gjes
exclusive gjete
second humble gjen
neutral gjen gje
third gjeș
  • In imperative clauses, the form gjer can also be found.
    Kjezș gjer-ast de!
    Do it now!

See also

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