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=== Etymology === | === Etymology === | ||
Reduced form of {{m|rad|dzist}}. | Reduced form of {{m|rad|dzist}}, | ||
from {{inh|rad|rad-m|dzi}}. | |||
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|ᵑgih-}} | {{root|rad|lnk-pro|ᵑgih-}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
# ''valency-reducing particle | # ''valency-reducing particle | ||
## ''forms the impersonal from transitives and unergatives'' | ## ''forms the {{g|impersonal}} from {{g|transitive|transitives}} and {{g|unergative|unergatives}}''; ''also translatable as the {{g|passive}} of {{g|transitive|transitive verbs}} which do not govern the accusative'' | ||
##: {{ex|rad|Iravjetș*-e* hrolud.|A door *gets* opened.}} | ##: {{ex|rad|Iravjetș*-e* hrolud.|A door *gets* opened.}} | ||
##: {{ex|rad|O hora *dze* fryș a | ##: {{ex|rad|O hora *dze* fryș a þvícirid.|And then things *get* broken.}} | ||
##: {{ex|rad|Lvorjenș*-e*.|*There is* dancing.}} | ##: {{ex|rad|Lvorjenș*-e*.|*There is* dancing.}} | ||
##: {{ex|rad|Hjeaș*-te* ervieata virșa vjeatoviva.|My phone isn’t charging.}} | |||
## ''forms the anticausative passive'' | ## ''forms the anticausative passive'' | ||
##: {{ex|rad|A hrolus*-te* iravjetș.|The door opens. ''(anticausative passive: no implied agent)''}} | ##: {{ex|rad|A hrolus*-te* iravjetș.|The door opens. ''(anticausative passive: no implied agent)''}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:35, 20 August 2024
Radestrian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Reduced form of dzist, from Middle Radestrian dzi.
Pronunciation
Particle
dze
- valency-reducing particle
- forms the impersonal from transitives and unergatives; also translatable as the passive of transitive verbs which do not govern the accusative
- Iravjetș-e hrolud.
- A door gets opened.
- O hora dze fryș a þvícirid.
- And then things get broken.
- Lvorjenș-e.
- There is dancing.
- Hjeaș-te ervieata virșa vjeatoviva.
- My phone isn’t charging.
- forms the anticausative passive
- A hrolus-te iravjetș.
- The door opens. (anticausative passive: no implied agent)
- cf. A hrolus iravjetrúș.
- The door is (being) opened. (causative passive: implied agent)
- A hrolus dzist iravjetș.
- The door opens (itself). (reflexive/middle voice)
- forms the impersonal from transitives and unergatives; also translatable as the passive of transitive verbs which do not govern the accusative
Usage notes
- As a particle, dze behaves like a clitic in syntax.
- The impersonal usage can only be used with verbs in the third-person singular, with any arguments remaining in their respective oblique cases.