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== Radestrian == | == Radestrian == | ||
=== Etymology === | === Etymology === | ||
From {{ | From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|héht}}, | ||
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}}, | |||
inherited | |||
from {{inherit|rad|rad-pro|hǫhht}}, | |||
from {{inherit|rad|hrd-pro|ḵɤ̄h-}}, | |||
from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|kajʔ-}}. | |||
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|kajʔ-|tuʔ-}} | |||
The past forms, participles and verbal noun come from {{m+|rad-pro|hǫhht|huh-}}, a suppletive stem from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|tuʔ-}}. | |||
=== Pronunciation === | === Pronunciation === | ||
{{rad- | {{rad-pronunciation|colloquial|/jæːt/ (as post-consonantal clitic)}} | ||
=== Verb === | === Verb === | ||
{{rad-verb | |||
# {{ | |npst-1s=hjei | ||
{{ | |npst-2s=hjeà | ||
# {{ | |npst-3s=hjeaș | ||
{{ | |pst-1s=húei | ||
# {{ | |pst-1s2=-úei | ||
{{ | |prespart=hûșevú | ||
# {{ | |prespart2=-ûșevú | ||
{{ | |pspart=hovúl | ||
{{ | |pspart2=-ovúl | ||
# {{ | |vn=huonș | ||
{{ | |vn2=-uonș | ||
# {{ | }} | ||
{{ | # {{label|rad|cop}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} | ||
# {{ | #: {{antonyms|rad|vat}} | ||
# {{ | #: {{ex|rad|<b>Hjeà</b> re heņreks.|You <b>are no</b> king.}} | ||
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adjectival predicates to negate characteristics of the subject'' | |||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș <b>hjei</b>.|I <b>am not</b> German.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject'' | |||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}} {{with|rad verb|gen<what there isn't>}} | |||
#: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þraniris la virșa dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}} | |||
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}} | |||
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time) | |||
#: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' {{with|connegative}} | |||
#: {{ex|rad|'''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}} | |||
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle) | |||
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have}} (used to form the negated perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle) | |||
# {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions) | |||
#: {{antonyms|rad|gje}} | |||
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}} | |||
==== Usage notes ==== | ==== Usage notes ==== | ||
* The connegative of {{ | * When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive. | ||
* The connegative of {{m|rad|vat}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb. | |||
** Note also that {{m|rad|hjeat}} has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see {{m|rad|vat}}. | |||
* As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | * As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | ||
** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms. | ** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms. | ||
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used | * When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used. | ||
* The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{ | * The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{m|rad|vat}}. | ||
==== Conjugation ==== | ==== Conjugation ==== | ||
{{rad-conj|t=intr|hjeat|hje|hú*|hûșe*|hov*|altpst=-ú*|altpst_note=enclitic|altprespart=-ûșe*|altprespart_note=enclitic|altpspart=-ovú*|altpspart_note=enclitic|altapst=-úa*|altapst_note=enclitic|altvnoun=-ovaș*|altvnoun_note=enclitic|alt1s=hja*|alt1s_note=informal, non-standard}} | |||
{{rad-conj | |||
Latest revision as of 13:20, 23 February 2025
Radestrian
Etymology
From Middle Radestrian héht, from Old Radestrian hǫhtt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hǫhht, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɤ̄h-, from Proto-Laenkean *kajʔ-. The past forms, participles and verbal noun come from Proto-Radic *huh-, a suppletive stem from Proto-Laenkean *tuʔ-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃæːt/
- (colloquial) /jæːt/ (as post-consonantal clitic)
- (hjádvanþs) /çæːt/
- Rhyme: -æːt (4)
Verb
hjeat (first-person singular non-past hjei, second-person singular non-past hjeà, third-person singular non-past hjeaș, first-person singular past húei, -úei, present adverbial participle hûșevú, -ûșevú, past adverbial participle hovúl, -ovúl, verbal noun huonș, -uonș)
- (copulative) to not be
- Antonym: vat
- Hjeà re heņreks.
- You are no king.
- (copulative) used with adjectival predicates to negate characteristics of the subject
- Ú þyriș hjei.
- I am not German.
- (copulative) used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject
- Ú ỉ hjei.
- I’m not hot. / I don’t feel hot.
- (impersonal) to not exist, there not to be; also used in constructions which translate as to not have [with genitive ‘what there isn't’]
- Hjeaș þraniris la virșa dziun.
- There are no animals in my house.
- Ven dzínig hjeaș.
- I don't have a daughter. (lit. To me there isn’t a daughter.)
- (intransitive) to not be (in a place, at a time)
- A haldzỉr teral-úeș.
- The architect wasn’t here.
- (auxiliary) to not, negates a proposition [with connegative]
- Húei dzoru orasta.
- I didn't sing a song.
- (auxiliary) to not be (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
- (auxiliary) to not have (used to form the negated perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)
- no (response to closed questions)
- Antonym: gje
- — Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?
— Hjei.- — Do you speak Radestrian?
— No(, I don't).
- — Do you speak Radestrian?
Usage notes
- When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive.
- The connegative of vat, *vata, does not exist: hjeat on its own means to not be, unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb.
- Note also that hjeat has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see vat.
- As an auxiliary, hjeat must still bear all matrix inflection.
- The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as hjeat does not have passive forms.
- When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial h- elided (not hj-) can be used.
- The verb hjeat does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of vat.
Conjugation
| ExpandConjugation of hjeat (active voice, irregular△) |
|---|
Categories:
- Radestrian terms inherited from Middle Radestrian
- Radestrian terms inherited from Old Radestrian
- Radestrian terms inherited from Proto-Radic
- Radestrian terms inherited from Proto-Hirdic
- Radestrian terms inherited from Proto-Laenkean
- Radestrian terms derived from the Proto-Laenkean root *kajʔ-
- Radestrian terms derived from the Proto-Laenkean root *tuʔ-
- Radestrian terms with manually entered pronunciation
- Radestrian terms with hjádvanþs dialect pronunciation
- Radestrian terms with multiple pronunciations
- Rhymes:Radestrian/æːt
- Radestrian lemmas
- Radestrian verbs
- Radestrian copulative verbs
- Radestrian terms with usage examples
- Radestrian impersonal verbs
- Radestrian verbs governing the genitive
- Radestrian intransitive verbs
- Radestrian auxiliary verbs
- Radestrian irregular verbs