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{{also|ha-}}
== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==


=== Alternative forms ===
=== Alternative forms ===
* {{l|rad|-a}} (''pronominal enclitic'')
* {{l|rad|-a}} (''preposition, pronominal enclitic'')
* {{l|rad|-ga}} (''pronominal enclitic after -n'')
* {{l|rad|-ga}} (''preposition, pronominal enclitic after -n'')
* {{l|rad|-ra}} (''pronominal enclitic after a vowel'')
* {{l|rad|-ra}} (''preposition, pronominal enclitic after a vowel'')
* {{l|rad|ra}} (''dialectal'')
* {{l|rad|ra}} (''preposition, dialectal'')


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{rad-pr|colloquial|hɤ}}
{{rad-pr|colloquial|/hɤ/ (preposition)}}


=== {{e|rad|1}} ===
=== {{Etymology|rad|1}} ===
{{multiet|rad}}
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|hra}},
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|hra}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hra}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hra}},
Line 24: Line 22:
{{head|rad|preposition
{{head|rad|preposition
}}
}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|behind}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|dat}}  
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|behind}} {{+|rad prep|dat}}  
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|behind}}, {{eng|after}}, {{eng|with}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|acc}}  
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|behind}}, {{eng|after}}, {{eng|with}} {{+|rad prep|acc}}  
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{ex|rad|Sjûșa vâst<b>a</b>!|Run <b>after</b> him!}}
#: {{ex|rad|Sjûșa vâst<b>a</b>!|Run <b>after</b> him!}}
#: {{ex|rad|Teka <b>rá</b> hjierodzíd, hjeà vastvíma.|Swim <b>with</b> the rip tide, not against it.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Teka <b>rá</b> hjierodzíd, hjeà vastvíma.|Swim <b>with</b> the rip tide, not against it.}}
# {{label|rad|temporal|spatial}} {{eng|after}}, {{eng|in}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|dat}}  
# {{label|rad|temporal|spatial}} {{eng|after}}, {{eng|in}} {{+|rad prep|dat}}  
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>rá</b> slavun|<b>after the</b> war}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>rá</b> slavun|<b>after the</b> war}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> dvoðain horte.|I’m going <b>in</b> an hour.}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> dvoðain horte.|I’m going <b>in</b> an hour.}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> ara lenireljes tuolga la taișt.|<b>In</b> one kilometre, turn left.}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> ara lenireljes tuolga la taișt.|<b>In</b> one kilometre, turn left.}}
# {{label|rad|temporal}} {{eng|for}} (an amount of time) {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|acc}}  
# {{label|rad|temporal}} {{eng|for}} (an amount of time) {{+|rad prep|acc}}  
#: {{ex|rad|Hnaol-age <b>ha</b> dvuost.|I’ll be gone <b>for</b> a day.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Hnaol-age <b>ha</b> dvuost.|I’ll be gone <b>for</b> a day.}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|as}} (role) {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|dat}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|as}} (role) {{+|rad prep|dat}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|with}}, {{eng|for}}, {{eng|in favour of}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|dat}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|with}}, {{eng|for}}, {{eng|in favour of}} {{+|rad prep|dat}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|svíma}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|about}}, {{eng|of}}, {{eng|on}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|acc}}  
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|about}}, {{eng|of}}, {{eng|on}} {{+|rad prep|acc}}  
#: {{ex|rad|dráve <b>ha</b> hrídirid|a book <b>on</b> trees}}
#: {{ex|rad|dráve <b>ha</b> hrídirid|a book <b>on</b> trees}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> vetad gjø dymyetú?|Are you talking <b>about</b> me?}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Ha</b> vetad gjø dvaruvú?|Are you talking <b>about</b> me?}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|for}} (in exchange for; as a result of) {{+|rad prep|acc}}


=== {{e|rad|2}} ===
=== {{Etymology|rad|2}} ===
{{multiet|rad}}
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|hra}},
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|hra}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hra}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hra}},
Line 56: Line 54:
==== Preposition ====
==== Preposition ====
{{head|rad|preposition
{{head|rad|preposition
}}
}} {{+|rad prep|gen}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|off}}, {{eng|from}} {{+|l=rad|pos=preposition|gen}}
# {{label|rad|spatial}} {{eng|off}}, {{eng|from}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Rá</b> șverieng hjaoșei.|I fell <b>down/off/from</b> the stairs.}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>Rá</b> șverieng hjaoșei.|I fell <b>down/off/from</b> the stairs.}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|than}} {{+|gen}}
# {{label|rad|abstract}} {{eng|than}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>ha</b> hriezg detuobș|bigger <b>than</b> a tree}}
#: {{ex|rad|<b>ha</b> hriezg detuobș|bigger <b>than</b> a tree}}
===== Derived terms =====
{{columns|rad
|ha-
}}


=== Usage notes ===
=== Usage notes ===
{{rad-prep|a=rá|ag=r’ag|ai=r’ai|i=r’i|u=r’u}}
{{rad-prep|a=rá|ag=r'ag|ai=r'ai|i=r'i|u=r'u}}
* The combined forms maintain the '''r-''' from the {{m+|rad-m|hra}}, whereas the base form maintains the '''h-'''.
:* The combined forms maintain the '''r-''' from the {{m+|rad-m|hra}}, whereas the base form maintains the '''h-'''.
* The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:
{{rad-enclisis|gen|dat|acc|n=nga|k=ka|t=ta|s=sa|d=da|us=ûsa|ud=ûda|a=ara|á=ára|ú=uora}}
<small>
{| class="wikitable inflection table" style="text-align: center" width=100%
! colspan=22 | Combined pronominal forms of ''{{here}}''&nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=4 | case
! colspan=11 | personal
! colspan=2 | interrogative-<br>existential
! colspan=2 | demonstrative
! colspan=6 | quantifier
|-
! colspan=4 | <small>SG</small>
! colspan=5 | <small>PL</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>REFL</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>RECP</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>PROX</small>
! rowspan=3 | <small>DIST</small>
! colspan=2 | collective
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | general indefinite
|-
! rowspan=2 | <small>1</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>2</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>3</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>1</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>2</small>
! colspan=2 | <small>3</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>ANIM</small>
! rowspan=2 | <small>INAN</small>
|-
! <small>ANIM</small>
! <small>INAN</small>
! <small>INCL</small>
! <small>EXCL</small>
! <small>ANIM</small>
! <small>INAN</small>
|-
! {{+|genitive}}
| {{l|rad|veska}} || {{l|rad|raska}} || {{l|rad|vâska}} || {{l|rad|vaska}} || {{l|rad|dzmesa}} || {{l|rad|dzatusa}} || {{l|rad|sjása}} || {{l|rad|vjesa}} || {{l|rad|vaisa}}
| {{l|rad|dziska}} || {{l|rad|dzjesa}}
| {{l|rad|bjáska}} || {{l|rad|biska}}
| {{l|rad|kuora}} || {{l|rad|okuora}}
| {{l|rad|vaoska}} || {{l|rad|utuora}}
| {{l|rad|byeska}} || {{l|rad|buska}}
| {{l|rad|bjáska-vá}} || {{l|rad|biska-vá}}
|-
! {{+|dative}}
| {{l|rad|venga}} || {{l|rad|ranga}} || {{l|rad|vânga}} || {{l|rad|vanga}} || {{l|rad|dzmenga}} || {{l|rad|dzatunga}} || {{l|rad|sjánga}} || {{l|rad|vjenga}} || {{l|rad|vainga}}
| {{l|rad|dzinga}} || {{l|rad|dzjenga}}
| {{l|rad|bjára}} || {{l|rad|binga}}
| {{l|rad|kara}} || {{l|rad|okara}}
| {{l|rad|vára}} || {{l|rad|uvara}}
| {{l|rad|bára}} || {{l|rad|bunga}}
| {{l|rad|bjára-vá}} || {{l|rad|binga-vá}}
|-
! {{+|accusative}}
| {{l|rad|vesta}} || {{l|rad|rasta}} || {{l|rad|vâsta}} || {{l|rad|vasta}} || {{l|rad|dzmeda}} || {{l|rad|dzatuda}} || {{l|rad|sjáda}} || {{l|rad|vjeda}} || {{l|rad|vaida}}
| {{l|rad|dzista}} || {{l|rad|dzjeda}}
| {{l|rad|bjásta}} || {{l|rad|bista}}
| {{l|rad|kada}} || {{l|rad|okada}}
| {{l|rad|vaosta}} || {{l|rad|utada}}
| {{l|rad|byesta}} || {{l|rad|busta}}
| {{l|rad|bjásta-vá}} || {{l|rad|bista-vá}}
|}
</small>


=== See also ===
=== See also ===
{{rad-sprep}}
{{rad-sprep}}
{{rad-tprep}}
{{rad-tprep}}
=== {{Etymology|rad|3}} ===
==== Noun ====
{{rad-noun|label=indeclinable}}
# ''the name of the letter'' '''{{l|rad|H}}{{l|rad|h}}'''
===== See also =====
{{rad-alphabet}}

Latest revision as of 18:13, 11 January 2025

Radestrian

Alternative forms

  • -a (preposition, pronominal enclitic)
  • -ga (preposition, pronominal enclitic after -n)
  • -ra (preposition, pronominal enclitic after a vowel)
  • ra (preposition, dialectal)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ha/
    • (colloquial) /hɤ/ (preposition)
  • Rhymes: -a (68), -ɤ (5)

Etymology 1

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *har, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄os, from Proto-Laenkean *pos.

Preposition

ha

  1. (spatial) behind [with dative]
    Antonym: svíma
  2. (spatial) behind, after, with [with accusative]
    Antonym: svíma
    Sjûșa vâsta!
    Run after him!
    Teka rá hjierodzíd, hjeà vastvíma.
    Swim with the rip tide, not against it.
  3. (temporal, spatial) after, in [with dative]
    Antonym: svíma
    rá slavun
    after the war
    Ha dvoðain horte.
    I’m going in an hour.
    Ha ara lenireljes tuolga la taișt.
    In one kilometre, turn left.
  4. (temporal) for (an amount of time) [with accusative]
    Hnaol-age ha dvuost.
    I’ll be gone for a day.
  5. (abstract) as (role) [with dative]
  6. (abstract) with, for, in favour of [with dative]
    Antonym: svíma
  7. (abstract) about, of, on [with accusative]
    dráve ha hrídirid
    a book on trees
    Ha vetad gjø dvaruvú?
    Are you talking about me?
  8. (abstract) for (in exchange for; as a result of) [with accusative]

Etymology 2

From Middle Radestrian hra, from Old Radestrian hra, inherited from Proto-Radic *hır, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɯs, from Proto-Laenkean *kɯs.

Preposition

ha [with genitive]

  1. (spatial) off, from
    Rá șverieng hjaoșei.
    I fell down/off/from the stairs.
  2. (abstract) than
    ha hriezg detuobș
    bigger than a tree
Derived terms

Usage notes

  • When followed by the definite article, ha combines with the article to produce the following forms:
Combined forms of ha
+ a + a' + ag + ai + i + u
rá rá' r'ag r'ai r'i r'u
  • The combined forms maintain the r- from the Middle Radestrian hra, whereas the base form maintains the h-.
  • The enclitic form is used in combination with weak pronominal complements:

Combined pronominal forms of ha 
case personal
SG PL REFL RECP
1 2 3 1 2 3
ANIM INAN INCL EXCL ANIM INAN
ú re vâs vara dzun dzate sjáște vír vara dzist dzjed
[genitive] veska
/ˈvɛska/		 raska
/ˈraska/		 vâska
/ˈvɤska/		 vaska
/ˈvaska/		 dzmesa
/ˈdzmɛsa/		 dzatûsa
/ˈdzatɤsa/		 sjása
/ˈʃaːsa/		 vjesa
/ˈvjɛsa/		 vaisa
/ˈvaisa/		 dziska
/ˈdziska/		 dzjesa
/ˈdʒɛsa/
[dative] venga
/ˈvɛŋɡa/		 ranga
/ˈraŋɡa/		 vânga
/ˈvɤŋɡa/		 vanga
/ˈvaŋɡa/		 dzmenga
/ˈdzmɛŋɡa/		 dzatunga
/ˈdzatɤŋɡa/		 sjánga
/ˈʃaːŋɡa/		 vjenga
/ˈvjɛŋɡa/		 vainga
/ˈvaiŋɡa/		 dzinga
/ˈdziŋɡa/		 dzjenga
/ˈdʒɛŋɡa/
[accusative] vesta
/ˈvɛsta/		 rasta
/ˈrasta/		 vâsta
/ˈvɤsta/		 vasta
/ˈvasta/		 dzmeda
/ˈdzmɛda/		 dzatûda
/ˈdzatɤda/		 sjáda
/ˈʃaːda/		 vjeda
/ˈvjɛda/		 vaida
/ˈvaida/		 dzista
/ˈdzista/		 dzjeda
/ˈdʒɛda/
case number interrogative-
existential		 demonstrative quantifier
ANIM INAN PROX DIST indefinite general indefinite collective
ANIM INAN ANIM INAN ANIM INAN
bjaș bjar kjes okjes baus bvar bjaș-á bjar-á vaus var
[genitive] SG bjáska
/ˈbjaːska/		 biska
/ˈbiska/		 kuora
/ˈkuora/		 okuora
/ɔˈkuora/		 byeska
/ˈbieska/		 buska
/ˈbɤska/		 bjáska-vá
/ˈbjaːskavaː/		 biska-vá
/ˈbiskavaː/		 vaoska
/ˈvɔːska/		 utuora
/uˈtuora/
PL bjaisa
/ˈbjaisa/		 bjesa
/ˈbjɛsa/		 tesa
/ˈtɛsa/		 otesa
/ˈɔtɛsa/		 bausa
/ˈbausa/		 bøsa
/ˈbœsa/		 bjaisa-vá
/ˈbjaisavaː/		 bjesa-vá
/ˈbjɛsavaː/
[dative] SG bjára
/ˈbjaːra/		 binga
/ˈbiŋɡa/		 kara
/ˈkara/		 okara
/ˈɔkara/		 bára
/ˈbaːra/		 bunga
/ˈbɤŋɡa/		 bjára-vá
/ˈbjaːravaː/		 binga-vá
/ˈbiŋɡavaː/		 vára
/ˈvaːra/		 uvara
/ˈuvara/
PL bjainga
/ˈbjaiŋɡa/		 bjenga
/ˈbjɛŋɡa/		 tenga
/ˈtɛŋɡa/		 otenga
/ɔˈtɛŋɡa/		 baunga
/ˈbauŋɡa/		 bønga
/ˈbœŋɡa/		 bjainga-vá
/ˈbjaiŋɡavaː/		 bjenga-vá
/ˈbjɛŋɡavaː/
[accusative] SG bjásta
/ˈbjaːsta/		 bista
/ˈbista/		 kada
/ˈkada/		 okada
/ˈɔkada/		 byesta
/ˈbiesta/		 busta
/ˈbɤsta/		 bjásta-vá
/ˈbjaːstavaː/		 bista-vá
/ˈbistavaː/		 vaosta
/ˈvɔːsta/		 utada
/ˈutada/
PL bjaida
/ˈbjaida/		 bjeda
/ˈbjɛda/		 teda
/ˈtɛda/		 oteda
/ˈɔtɛda/		 bauda
/ˈbauda/		 bøda
/ˈbœda/		 bjaida-vá
/ˈbjaidavaː/		 bjeda-vá
/ˈbjɛdavaː/

See also

Radestrian spatial prepositions
space position goal source transit
exterior lara
[genitive]
outside 		lara
[accusative]
outside 		allara
[genitive]
from outside 		ýra
[accusative]
past, by
interior
(bound space) 		la
[dative]
in, at 		la
[accusative]
into, to 		an
[genitive]
out, from 		ý
[accusative]
through
immersion tí
[instrumental]
between, amidst, in 		latí
[accusative]
between, into 		antí
[genitive]
from between, out
establishment sje
[dative]
at 		sá
[dative]
to 		tí
[accusative]
from
boundary ní
[instrumental]
by, at, beside 		ynan
[dative]
along
plane
(unbound space) 		er
[dative]
on, at 		er
[accusative]
onto, to 		ý
[accusative]
through
superior surface ha
[genitive]
off 		teșa
[genitive]
across, over
vertical/inferior
surface 		yn
[dative]
on 		yn
[accusative]
onto 		an
[genitive]
off 		ynan
[dative]
across, along
company vas
[instrumental]
with
absence ir
[accusative]
without
centre ralga
[genitive]
in the middle of 		lavas
[accusative]
into the middle of 		anvas
[genitive]
from the middle of 		ervas
[dative]
around
anterior svíma
[dative]
in front of, before, opposite 		svíma
[accusative]
towards, against 		ansvíma
[genitive]
from in front of
posterior ha
[dative]
behind, after 		ha
[accusative]
behind, after 		ana
[genitive]
from behind
superior fje
[dative]
above 		fje
[accusative]
above 		anfje
[genitive]
from above
inferior taon
[dative]
below 		taon
[accusative]
below 		andaon
[genitive]
from below
vicinity nvieru
[genitive]
near 		hjeral
[genitive]
around
Radestrian temporal prepositions
before time frame after
beginning point of reference end
svíma
[dative]
before, ago 		tí
[instrumental]
within, in 		ha
[dative]
after, in
an
[genitive]
from (… on) 		ha
[accusative]
for
an
[genitive]
since, for 		yn
[accusative]
until, by, for
ý
[accusative]
during
sje
[dative]
at, with, upon (event)
er
[dative]
at (clock time)
la
[dative]
on (day), in (month)

Etymology 3

Noun

ha (indeclinable)

  1. the name of the letter Hh
See also
The Radestrian Alphabet • Șvolestorír a rredeșeșe
№ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 non-native 14 15 16
letter Aa Ââ Bb Cc Dd Ðð Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk (Qq) Ķķ Ll Mm
name a â (ý a) bâ câ dâ að e af gâ ha i (dzuișe) ai kâ ku kjâ al am
№ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 non-native 30 31 32
letter Nn Ņņ Oo Øø Pp Rr Ss Șș Tt Þþ Uu Ûû Vv (Ww) Yy Zz Z̦z̦/Xx
name an aņ o ø pâ ar as aș tâ aþ u û ý u au au gjorișe y gjorișe az az̦/ax
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