hjeat: Difference between revisions

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=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|héhtt}},
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|héht}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}},
inherited
inherited
Line 12: Line 12:


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{rad-pronunciation}}
{{rad-pronunciation|colloquial|/jæːt/ (as post-consonantal clitic)}}


=== Verb ===
=== Verb ===
Line 35: Line 35:
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject''
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject''
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}}
# {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}} {{+|l=rad|pos=verb|gen}}
# {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}} {{with|rad verb|gen<what there isn't>}}
#: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þraniris la virșa dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}}
#: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þraniris la virșa dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}}
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time)
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time)
#: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}}
#: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' [+connegative]
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' {{with|connegative}}
#: {{ex|rad|'''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}}
#: {{ex|rad|'''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
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# {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions)
# {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions)
#: {{antonyms|rad|gje}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|gje}}
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn hredeșeí dymyet?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}}
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}}


==== Usage notes ====
==== Usage notes ====
* When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive.
* When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive.
* The connegative of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb.
* The connegative of {{m|rad|vat}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb.
** Note also that {{m|rad|hjeat}} has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see {{m|rad|vat}}.
* As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection.
* As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection.
** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms.
** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms.
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used.
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used.
* The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{wl-lang|vat|jump=Radestrian}}.
* The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{m|rad|vat}}.


==== Conjugation ====
==== Conjugation ====
Note that the compound forms below are purely hypothetical and may not be used or even considered grammatical, except for very specific nuance.
{{rad-conj|t=intr|hjeat|hje|hú*|hûșe*|hov*|altpst=-ú*|altpst_note=enclitic|altprespart=-ûșe*|altprespart_note=enclitic|altpspart=-ovú*|altpspart_note=enclitic|altapst=-úa*|altapst_note=enclitic|altvnoun=-ovaș*|altvnoun_note=enclitic}}
{{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|hú|hûșe|hov|huonș|a=hjeà|upst1=hủ|upst2=hủo|conneg=—}}
Post-consonantal enclitic conjugation:
{{rad-conj-act|hjeat|1S=hjei|hje|3S=hjeaș|-ú|-ûșe|-ov|-uonș|a=hjeà|upst1=-ủ|upst2=-ủo|conneg=—}}

Latest revision as of 14:39, 20 August 2024

Radestrian

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian héht, from Old Radestrian hǫhtt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hǫhht, from Proto-Hirdic *ḵɤ̄h-, from Proto-Laenkean *kajʔ-. The past forms, participles and verbal noun come from Proto-Radic *huh-, a suppletive stem from Proto-Laenkean *tuʔ-.

Pronunciation

Verb

hjeat (first-person singular non-past hjei, second-person singular non-past hjeà, third-person singular non-past hjeaș, first-person singular past húei, -úei, present adverbial participle hûșevú, -ûșevú, past adverbial participle hovúl, -ovúl, verbal noun huonș, -uonș)

  1. (copulative) to not be
    Antonym: vat
    Hjeà re heņreks.
    You are no king.
  2. (copulative) used with adjectival predicates to negate characteristics of the subject
    Ú þyriș hjei.
    I am not German.
  3. (copulative) used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject
    Ú ỉ hjei.
    I’m not hot. / I don’t feel hot.
  4. (impersonal) to not exist, there not to be; also used in constructions which translate as to not have [with genitive ‘what there isn't’]
    Hjeaș þraniris la virșa dziun.
    There are no animals in my house.
    Ven dzínig hjeaș.
    I don't have a daughter. (lit. To me there isn’t a daughter.)
  5. (intransitive) to not be (in a place, at a time)
    A haldzỉr teral-úeș.
    The architect wasn’t here.
  6. (auxiliary) to not, negates a proposition [with connegative]
    Húei dzoru orasta.
    I didn't sing a song.
  7. (auxiliary) to not be (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
  8. (auxiliary) to not have (used to form the negated perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)
  9. no (response to closed questions)
    Antonym: gje
    — Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?
    — Hjei.
    — Do you speak Radestrian?
    — No(, I don't).

Usage notes

  • When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive.
  • The connegative of vat, *vata, does not exist: hjeat on its own means to not be, unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb.
    • Note also that hjeat has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see vat.
  • As an auxiliary, hjeat must still bear all matrix inflection.
    • The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as hjeat does not have passive forms.
  • When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial h- elided (not hj-) can be used.
  • The verb hjeat does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of vat.

Conjugation

Conjugation of hjeat (active voice, irregular△)  
nonfinite forms
infinitive hjeat
/ʃæːt/
connegative hjeat does not have a connegative
supine hjeatúr
/ˈʃæːtuːr/
participle present adjectival hûșeș△, -ûșeș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhɤʃɛʃ/ /-ɤʃɛʃ/
adverbial hûșevú△, -ûșevú△ (enclitic)
/ˈhɤʃɛvuː/ /-ɤʃɛvuː/
past adjectival hovúș△, -ovúș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhɔvuːʃ/ /-ɔvuːʃ/
adverbial hovúl△, -ovúl△ (enclitic)
/ˈhɔvuːl/ /-ɔvuːl/
verbal noun hovaș△, -ovaș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhɔvaʃ/ /-ɔvaʃ/
finite forms singular plural humble
first second third depersonal first second third depersonal second
informal formal inclusive exclusive
ú re lește vâs, vara gjei, gjen, gjeș … dzun, sted dzate sjáște vír, vara gjes, gjete, gje, gjen … sja, lai
simple imperative hjeà
/ˈʃɛ.a/		 hjeúș
/ˈʃɛ.uːʃ/		 hjeuoș
/ˈʃɛ.uoʃ/		 hjeovú
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuː/		 hjeúr
/ˈʃɛ.uːr/
indicative non-past hjei
/ʃai/		 hjeaș
/ʃæːʃ/		 hje
/ʃɛ/		 hjeuos
/ˈʃɛ.uos/		 hjeuote
/ʃɛˈuotɛ/		 hjeú
/ˈʃɛ.uː/		 hjeún
/ˈʃɛ.uːn/
past húei△, -úei△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːei/ /-uːei/		 húen△, -úen△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛn/ /-uːɛn/		 húeș△, -úeș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛʃ/ /-uːɛʃ/		 húe△, -úe△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛ/ /-uːɛ/		 hủos△, -ủos△ (enclitic)
/huːos/ /-uːos/		 hủote△, -ủote△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːotɛ/ /-uːotɛ/		 hủ△, -ủ△ (enclitic)
/huːː/ /-uːː/		 hủn△, -ủn△ (enclitic)
/huːːn/ /-uːːn/
subjunctive non-past hjeai
/ˈʃɛ.ai/		 hjeá
/ˈʃɛ.aː/		 hjeàș
/ˈʃɛ.aʃ/		 hjeà
/ˈʃɛ.a/		 hjeàvuos
/ˈʃɛ.avuos/		 hjeàvuote
/ˈʃɛ.avuotɛ/		 hjeàvú
/ˈʃɛ.avuː/		 hjeàvún
/ˈʃɛ.avuːn/
past húai△, -úai△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːai/ /-uːai/		 húain△, -úain△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːain/ /-uːain/		 húaiș△, -úaiș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːaiʃ/ /-uːaiʃ/		 húai△, -úai△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːai/ /-uːai/		 húavuos△, -úavuos△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuos/ /-uːavuos/		 húavuote△, -úavuote△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuotɛ/ /-uːavuotɛ/		 húavú△, -úavú△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuː/ /-uːavuː/		 húavún△, -úavún△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuːn/ /-uːavuːn/
optative non-past hjeúe
/ʃɛˈuːɛ/		 hjeova
/ˈʃɛ.ɔva/		 hjeúș
/ˈʃɛ.uːʃ/		 hjeú
/ˈʃɛ.uː/		 hjeovuos
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuos/		 hjeovuote
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuotɛ/		 hjeovú
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuː/		 hjeovún
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːn/
past húevei△, -úevei△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvei/ /-uːɛvei/		 húeven△, -úeven△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛn/ /-uːɛvɛn/		 húeveș△, -úeveș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛʃ/ /-uːɛvɛʃ/		 húeve△, -úeve△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛ/ /-uːɛvɛ/		 húevuos△, -úevuos△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuos/ /-uːɛvuos/		 húevuote△, -úevuote△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuotɛ/ /-uːɛvuotɛ/		 húevú△, -úevú△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuː/ /-uːɛvuː/		 húevún△, -úevún△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuːn/ /-uːɛvuːn/
habitual indicative non-past hjeriè
/ˈʃɛri.ɛ/		 hjerin
/ˈʃɛrin/		 hjeriș
/ˈʃɛriʃ/		 hjeri
/ˈʃɛri/		 hjeúris
/ʃɛˈuːris/		 hjeúrite
/ʃɛˈuːritɛ/		 hjeúri
/ʃɛˈuːri/		 hjeúrin
/ʃɛˈuːrin/
past húeriè△, -úeriè△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛri.ɛ/ /-uːɛri.ɛ/		 húerin△, -úerin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛrin/ /-uːɛrin/		 húeriș△, -úeriș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛriʃ/ /-uːɛriʃ/		 húeri△, -úeri△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛri/ /-uːɛri/		 hủris△, -ủris△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːːris/ /-uːːris/		 hủrite△, -ủrite△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːːritɛ/ /-uːːritɛ/		 hủri△, -ủri△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːːri/ /-uːːri/		 hủrin△, -ủrin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːːrin/ /-uːːrin/
subjunctive non-past hjeàriè
/ʃɛˈari.ɛ/		 hjeàrin
/ˈʃɛ.arin/		 hjeàriș
/ˈʃɛ.ariʃ/		 hjeàri
/ˈʃɛ.ari/		 hjeàvúris
/ˈʃɛ.avuːris/		 hjeàvúrite
/ˈʃɛ.avuːritɛ/		 hjeàvúri
/ˈʃɛ.avuːri/		 hjeàvúrin
/ˈʃɛ.avuːrin/
past húairiè△, -úairiè△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːairi.ɛ/ /-uːairi.ɛ/		 húairin△, -úairin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːairin/ /-uːairin/		 húairiș△, -úairiș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːairiʃ/ /-uːairiʃ/		 húairi△, -úairi△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːairi/ /-uːairi/		 húavúris△, -úavúris△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuːris/ /-uːavuːris/		 húavúrite△, -úavúrite△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuːritɛ/ /-uːavuːritɛ/		 húavúri△, -úavúri△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuːri/ /-uːavuːri/		 húavúrin△, -úavúrin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːavuːrin/ /-uːavuːrin/
optative non-past hjeúriè
/ʃɛˈuːri.ɛ/		 hjeúrin
/ʃɛˈuːrin/		 hjeúriș
/ʃɛˈuːriʃ/		 hjeúri
/ʃɛˈuːri/		 hjeovúris
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːris/		 hjeovúrite
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːritɛ/		 hjeovúri
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːri/		 hjeovúrin
/ˈʃɛ.ɔvuːrin/
past húeveriè△, -úeveriè△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛri.ɛ/ /-uːɛvɛri.ɛ/		 húeverin△, -úeverin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛrin/ /-uːɛvɛrin/		 húeveriș△, -úeveriș△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛriʃ/ /-uːɛvɛriʃ/		 húeveri△, -úeveri△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvɛri/ /-uːɛvɛri/		 húevúris△, -úevúris△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuːris/ /-uːɛvuːris/		 húevúrite△, -úevúrite△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuːritɛ/ /-uːɛvuːritɛ/		 húevúri△, -úevúri△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuːri/ /-uːɛvuːri/		 húevúrin△, -úevúrin△ (enclitic)
/ˈhuːɛvuːrin/ /-uːɛvuːrin/

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