dze

Radestrian

Alternative forms

• -te (after -V{s ș})
• -e (after -C{s ș t})

Etymology

Reduced form of dzist, from Middle Radestrian dzi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dzɛ/
• Rhyme: -ɛ ⁽²⁰⁰⁾

Particle

dze

1. valency-reducing particle
   1. forms the impersonal from transitives and unergatives; also translatable as the passive of transitive verbs which do not govern the accusative

      Iravjetș-e hrolud.

      A door gets opened.

      O hora dze fryș a þvícirid.

      And then things get broken.

      Lvorjenș-e.

      There is dancing.

      Hjeaș-te ervieata virșa vjeatoviva.

      My phone isn’t charging.

   2. forms the anticausative passive

      A hrolus-te iravjetș.

      The door opens. (anticausative passive: no implied agent)

      cf.

      A hrolus iravjetrúș.

      The door is (being) opened. (causative passive: implied agent)

      A hrolus dzist iravjetș.

      The door opens (itself). (reflexive/middle voice)

Usage notes

• As a particle, dze behaves like a clitic in syntax.
• The impersonal usage can only be used with verbs in the third-person singular, with any arguments remaining in their respective oblique cases.