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== Laefevian ==
== Laefevian ==
=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
{{root|lfv|lnk-pro|bʱat-}}
{{root|lfv|lfv|vat-}}
From {{inherit|lfv|lfv-pro|bʱatah}}, from {{inherit|lfv|lnk-pro|bʱat-|bʱatas|t=eye}}.
From {{inherit|lfv|lfv-pro|bʱatah}}, from {{inherit|lfv|lnk-pro|bʱat-|bʱatas|t=eye}}.


Revision as of 23:58, 27 April 2024

Laefevian

Etymology

From Proto-Laefevic *bʱatah, from Proto-Laenkean *bʱatas (“eye”).

Pronunciation

Noun

vat

  1. (anatomy) eye
    Jans vat vi šuñǧas.
    My left eye hurts.

Inflection

Primary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
singular dual plural
nominative vat vatund vatir
accusative vate vatundi vati
genitive vatau vatundas vatas, vatiras†
dative vatun vatundon vatirons, vatonc
locative vatul vatundos vatiross, vatosc
instrumental vatô vatundêt vatirêts, vatêtc
Note: † archaic, s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Secondary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
accusative-based cases singular dual plural
sublative vatere vatundire vatire
illative vatele vatundile vatile
benefactive vatear vatundiar vatiar
prolative vatekwe vatundikwe vatikwe
causal-final vatedis vatundirris vatirris
genitive-based cases singular dual plural
delative vatôka vatundirka vatirka
elative vatôtan vatundirtan vatirtan
ablative vataôn vatundiruôn vatiruôn
essive vatôjøn vatundirjøn vatirjøn
abessive vatôze vatundirse vatirse
dative-based cases singular dual plural
terminative vatumas vatundirmas vatirmas
lative vatunši vatundirši vatirši
locative-based cases singular dual plural
superessive vatuneres, vatunerc vatundirorres, vatundorrec vatirorres, vatorrec
inessive vatulle vatundirolles, vatundollec vatirolles, vatollec
exessive vatunun vatundirsun vatirsun
perlative vatuffêl vatundirfêl vatirfêl
instrumental-based cases singular dual plural
translative vatôske vatundirêskes, vatundêskec vatirêskes, vatêskec
comitative vatôsôds, vatôdc vatundirtôds, vatundôdc vatirtôd
Note: s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Possessive forms of {{{6}}}  
possessor singular dual plural
1st person ovvat þevvat avvat
2nd person ivvat filvat sôvvat
3rd person javvat lunvat lavvat
reflexive yvvat

Translations

eye (organ)

Radestrian

Alternative forms

  • -at (enclitic form)

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian hvatt, from Old Radestrian hlatt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hılht, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄ɯl-. from Proto-Laenkean *pɯl-, Suppleted forms from Old Radestrian rnatht, from Proto-Hirdic *snat-, from Proto-Laenkean *(s)natʼ-.

Pronunciation

Verb

vat (first-person singular non-past vage, third-person singular non-past vaș, first-person singular past hâlei, rnosei, present adverbial participle rnastivú, past adverbial participle rnatúl, verbal noun hovaș, rnataș)

  1. (copulative) to be (equivalence)
    Antonym: hjeat
    Vâs voí asmeșír-aș!
    He’s just a boy!
  2. (copulative) Used with adjectival predicates to describe characteristics of the subject.
    Ú þyriș-age.
    I am German.
  3. (copulative) Used with adverbial predicates to describe states of the subject.
    Ú ỉ vage.
    I am hot. / I feel hot.
  4. (intransitive) to exist, there to be, also used in constructions which translate as to have.
    Vagú þrane la virșa dziun!
    There are animals in my house!
    Ven dzínis-aș.
    I have a daughter. (lit. To me there is a daughter.)
  5. (intransitive, stative) to be (in a place, at a time), also used in constructions which translate as to wear.
    U haldzỉr teral-âleș.
    The architect was here.
    Venyn erváte vagú.
    I wear glasses. (lit. At me are glasses.)
    Venger rjes-aș.
    I wear a hat. (lit. On me is a hat.)
  6. (auxiliary) to be (used to form the continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
  7. (auxiliary) to have (used to form the perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)

Usage notes

  • When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the enclitic form -at can be used.
  • The verb vat does not have a connegative form.
    • For negations of vat in all senses, the verb hjeat is used.
  • Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
  • The verbal noun hovaș tends to refer to identities, whereas rnataș refers to states.
  • Past forms in hâl- are the most common.
    • Past forms in rnos- are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.
  • When used in the sense of to wear, the preposition yn (“at”) is typically used for most clothes, apart from headwear which are collocated with er (“on”).

Conjugation

Conjugation of vat (active voice)  
nonfinite forms
infinitive vat
/vat/
connegative vat does not have a connegative
supine vatúr
/ˈvatuːr/
participle present adjectival rnastiș
/ˈrnastiʃ/
adverbial rnastivú
/ˈrnastivuː/
past adjectival rnatúș
/ˈrnatuːʃ/
adverbial rnatúl
/ˈrnatuːl/
verbal noun hovaș, rnataș
/ˈhɔvaʃ/ /ˈrnataʃ/
finite forms singular plural humble
first second third depersonal first second third depersonal second
informal formal inclusive exclusive
ú re lește vâs, vara gjei, gjen, gjeș … dzun, sted dzate sjáște vír, vara gjes, gjete, gje, gjen … sja, lai
simple imperative vaga
/ˈvaɡa/		 vagúș
/ˈvaɡuːʃ/		 vaguoș
/ˈvaɡuoʃ/		 vagovú
/ˈvaɡɔvuː/		 vagúr
/ˈvaɡuːr/
indicative non-past vage
/ˈvaɡɛ/		 vaș
/vaʃ/		 vag
/vaɡ/		 vaguos
/ˈvaɡuos/		 vaguote
/vaˈɡuotɛ/		 vagú
/ˈvaɡuː/		 vagún
/ˈvaɡuːn/
past hâlei, rnosei
/ˈhɤlei/ /ˈrnɔsei/		 hâlen, rnosen
/ˈhɤlɛn/ /ˈrnɔsɛn/		 hâleș, rnoseș
/ˈhɤlɛʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛʃ/		 hâle, rnose
/ˈhɤlɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛ/		 hâluos, rnosuos
/ˈhɤluos/ /ˈrnɔsuos/		 hâluote, rnosuote
/hɤˈluotɛ/ /rnɔˈsuotɛ/		 hâlú, rnosú
/ˈhɤluː/ /ˈrnɔsuː/		 hâlún, rnosún
/ˈhɤluːn/ /ˈrnɔsuːn/
subjunctive non-past vagai
/ˈvaɡai/		 vagá
/ˈvaɡaː/		 vagaș
/ˈvaɡaʃ/		 vaga
/ˈvaɡa/		 vagavuos
/ˈvaɡavuos/		 vagavuote
/ˈvaɡavuotɛ/		 vagavú
/ˈvaɡavuː/		 vagavún
/ˈvaɡavuːn/
past hâlai, rnosai
/ˈhɤlai/ /ˈrnɔsai/		 hâlain, rnosain
/ˈhɤlain/ /ˈrnɔsain/		 hâlaiș, rnosaiș
/ˈhɤlaiʃ/ /ˈrnɔsaiʃ/		 hâlai, rnosai
/ˈhɤlai/ /ˈrnɔsai/		 hâlavuos, rnosavuos
/ˈhɤlavuos/ /ˈrnɔsavuos/		 hâlavuote, rnosavuote
/ˈhɤlavuotɛ/ /ˈrnɔsavuotɛ/		 hâlavú, rnosavú
/ˈhɤlavuː/ /ˈrnɔsavuː/		 hâlavún, rnosavún
/ˈhɤlavuːn/ /ˈrnɔsavuːn/
optative non-past vagúe
/vaˈɡuːɛ/		 vagova
/ˈvaɡɔva/		 vagúș
/ˈvaɡuːʃ/		 vagú
/ˈvaɡuː/		 vagovuos
/ˈvaɡɔvuos/		 vagovuote
/ˈvaɡɔvuotɛ/		 vagovú
/ˈvaɡɔvuː/		 vagovún
/ˈvaɡɔvuːn/
past hâlevei, rnosevei
/ˈhɤlɛvei/ /ˈrnɔsɛvei/		 hâleven, rnoseven
/ˈhɤlɛvɛn/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛn/		 hâleveș, rnoseveș
/ˈhɤlɛvɛʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛʃ/		 hâleve, rnoseve
/ˈhɤlɛvɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛ/		 hâlevuos, rnosevuos
/ˈhɤlɛvuos/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuos/		 hâlevuote, rnosevuote
/ˈhɤlɛvuotɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuotɛ/		 hâlevú, rnosevú
/ˈhɤlɛvuː/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuː/		 hâlevún, rnosevún
/ˈhɤlɛvuːn/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːn/
habitual indicative non-past variè
/ˈvari.ɛ/		 varin
/ˈvarin/		 variș
/ˈvariʃ/		 vari
/ˈvari/		 vagúris
/vaˈɡuːris/		 vagúrite
/vaˈɡuːritɛ/		 vagúri
/vaˈɡuːri/		 vagúrin
/vaˈɡuːrin/
past hâleriè, rnoseriè
/hɤˈlɛri.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsɛri.ɛ/		 hâlerin, rnoserin
/ˈhɤlɛrin/ /ˈrnɔsɛrin/		 hâleriș, rnoseriș
/ˈhɤlɛriʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛriʃ/		 hâleri, rnoseri
/ˈhɤlɛri/ /ˈrnɔsɛri/		 hâlúris, rnosúris
/hɤˈluːris/ /rnɔˈsuːris/		 hâlúrite, rnosúrite
/hɤˈluːritɛ/ /rnɔˈsuːritɛ/		 hâlúri, rnosúri
/hɤˈluːri/ /rnɔˈsuːri/		 hâlúrin, rnosúrin
/hɤˈluːrin/ /rnɔˈsuːrin/
subjunctive non-past vagariè
/vaˈɡari.ɛ/		 vagarin
/ˈvaɡarin/		 vagariș
/ˈvaɡariʃ/		 vagari
/ˈvaɡari/		 vagavúris
/ˈvaɡavuːris/		 vagavúrite
/ˈvaɡavuːritɛ/		 vagavúri
/ˈvaɡavuːri/		 vagavúrin
/ˈvaɡavuːrin/
past hâlairiè, rnosairiè
/hɤˈlairi.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsairi.ɛ/		 hâlairin, rnosairin
/hɤˈlairin/ /rnɔˈsairin/		 hâlairiș, rnosairiș
/hɤˈlairiʃ/ /rnɔˈsairiʃ/		 hâlairi, rnosairi
/hɤˈlairi/ /rnɔˈsairi/		 hâlavúris, rnosavúris
/ˈhɤlavuːris/ /ˈrnɔsavuːris/		 hâlavúrite, rnosavúrite
/ˈhɤlavuːritɛ/ /ˈrnɔsavuːritɛ/		 hâlavúri, rnosavúri
/ˈhɤlavuːri/ /ˈrnɔsavuːri/		 hâlavúrin, rnosavúrin
/ˈhɤlavuːrin/ /ˈrnɔsavuːrin/
optative non-past vagúriè
/vaˈɡuːri.ɛ/		 vagúrin
/vaˈɡuːrin/		 vagúriș
/vaˈɡuːriʃ/		 vagúri
/vaˈɡuːri/		 vagovúris
/ˈvaɡɔvuːris/		 vagovúrite
/ˈvaɡɔvuːritɛ/		 vagovúri
/ˈvaɡɔvuːri/		 vagovúrin
/ˈvaɡɔvuːrin/
past hâleveriè, rnoseveriè
/hɤˈlɛvɛri.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛri.ɛ/		 hâleverin, rnoseverin
/hɤˈlɛvɛrin/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛrin/		 hâleveriș, rnoseveriș
/hɤˈlɛvɛriʃ/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛriʃ/		 hâleveri, rnoseveri
/hɤˈlɛvɛri/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛri/		 hâlevúris, rnosevúris
/ˈhɤlɛvuːris/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːris/		 hâlevúrite, rnosevúrite
/ˈhɤlɛvuːritɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːritɛ/		 hâlevúri, rnosevúri
/ˈhɤlɛvuːri/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːri/		 hâlevúrin, rnosevúrin
/ˈhɤlɛvuːrin/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːrin/
Compound forms of vat (active voice)  
singular plural humble
first second third depersonal first second third depersonal second
informal formal inclusive exclusive
ú re lește vâs, vara gjei, gjen, gjeș … dzun, sted dzate sjáște vír, vara gjes, gjete, gje, gjen … sja, lai
continuous infinitive rnastivú vat
indicative non-past rnastivú vage rnastivú vaga rnastivú vaș rnastivú rnastivú vaguos rnastivú vaguote rnastivú vagú rnastivú rnastivú vagún
past rnastivú hâlei rnastivú hâlen rnastivú hâleș rnastivú hâle rnastivú hâluos rnastivú hâluote rnastivú hâlú rnastivú hâlún
subjunctive non-past rnastivú vagai rnastivú vagá rnastivú vagaș rnastivú vaga rnastivú vagavuos rnastivú vagavuote rnastivú vagavú rnastivú vagavún
past rnastivú hâlai rnastivú hâlain rnastivú hâlaiș rnastivú hâlai rnastivú hâlavuos rnastivú hâlavuote rnastivú hâlavú rnastivú hâlavún
optative non-past rnastivú vagúe rnastivú vagova rnastivú vagúș rnastivú vagú rnastivú vagovuos rnastivú vagovuote rnastivú vagovú rnastivú vagovún
past rnastivú hâlevei rnastivú hâleven rnastivú hâleveș rnastivú hâleve rnastivú hâlevuos rnastivú hâlevuote rnastivú hâlevú rnastivú hâlevún
perfective infinitive rnatúl-at
indicative perfect rnatúl-age rnatúl-aga rnatúl-aș rnatúl rnatúl-aguos rnatúl-aguote rnatúl-agú rnatúl rnatúl-agún
pluperfect rnatúl-âlei rnatúl-âlen rnatúl-âleș rnatúl-âle rnatúl-âluos rnatúl-âluote rnatúl-âlú rnatúl-âlún
subjunctive perfect rnatúl-agai rnatúl-agá rnatúl-agaș rnatúl-aga rnatúl-agavuos rnatúl-agavuote rnatúl-agavú rnatúl-agavún
pluperfect rnatúl-âlai rnatúl-âlain rnatúl-âlaiș rnatúl-âlai rnatúl-âlavuos rnatúl-âlavuote rnatúl-âlavú rnatúl-âlavún
optative perfect rnatúl-agúe rnatúl-agova rnatúl-agúș rnatúl-agú rnatúl-agovuos rnatúl-agovuote rnatúl-agovú rnatúl-agovún
pluperfect rnatúl-âlevei rnatúl-âleven rnatúl-âleveș rnatúl-âleve rnatúl-âlevuos rnatúl-âlevuote rnatúl-âlevú rnatúl-âlevún
Negative compound forms of vat (active voice)
continuous infinitive rnastivú hjeat
indicative non-past rnastivú hjei rnastivú hjeà rnastivú hjeaș rnastivú hje rnastivú hjeuos rnastivú hjeuote rnastivú hjeú rnastivú hjeún
past rnastivú húei rnastivú húen rnastivú húeș rnastivú húe rnastivú hủos rnastivú hủote rnastivú hủ rnastivú hủn
subjunctive non-past rnastivú hjeai rnastivú hjeá rnastivú hjeàș rnastivú hjeà rnastivú hjeàvuos rnastivú hjeàvuote rnastivú hjeàvú rnastivú hjeàvún
past rnastivú húai rnastivú húain rnastivú húaiș rnastivú húai rnastivú húavuos rnastivú húavuote rnastivú húavú rnastivú húavún
optative non-past rnastivú hjeúe rnastivú hjeova rnastivú hjeúș rnastivú hjeú rnastivú hjeovuos rnastivú hjeovuote rnastivú hjeovú rnastivú hjeovún
past rnastivú húevei rnastivú húeven rnastivú húeveș rnastivú húeve rnastivú húevuos rnastivú húevuote rnastivú húevú rnastivú húevún
perfective infinitive rnatúl hjeat
indicative perfect rnatúl hjei rnatúl hjeà rnatúl hjeaș rnatúl hje rnatúl hjeuos rnatúl hjeuote rnatúl hjeú rnatúl hjeún
pluperfect rnatúl-úei rnatúl-úen rnatúl-úeș rnatúl-úe rnatúl-ủos rnatúl-ủote rnatúl-ủ rnatúl-ủn
subjunctive perfect rnatúl hjeai rnatúl hjeá rnatúl hjeàș rnatúl hjeà rnatúl hjeàvuos rnatúl hjeàvuote rnatúl hjeàvú rnatúl hjeàvún
pluperfect rnatúl-úai rnatúl-úain rnatúl-úaiș rnatúl-úai rnatúl-úavuos rnatúl-úavuote rnatúl-úavú rnatúl-úavún
optative perfect rnatúl hjeúe rnatúl hjeova rnatúl hjeúș rnatúl hjeú rnatúl hjeovuos rnatúl hjeovuote rnatúl hjeovú rnatúl hjeovún
pluperfect rnatúl-úevei rnatúl-úeven rnatúl-úeveș rnatúl-úeve rnatúl-úevuos rnatúl-úevuote rnatúl-úevú rnatúl-úevún

Translations

equivalence copula
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