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Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions
Appendix:World/Radestrian language (view source)
Revision as of 16:00, 29 February 2024
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'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} | '''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈvlɤ̃ˑzä ä‿rːɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{wipa|rad|[rɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}. | ||
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | ||
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== Dialects == | == Dialects == | ||
Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}. | Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}. | ||
Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical | Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{wipa|rad|/ʃ~ç/}} distinction. | ||
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of | The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} and its merging with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}. | ||
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use | Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{wipa|rad|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈçaːdvä̃ˑθs]}} itself. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! high | ! high | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|i (y)}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|u}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|iː}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|uː}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|iːː}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|uːː}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! mid | ! mid | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ɛ œ}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ɤ ɔ}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|(eː)<br>æː}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|(oː)<br>ɔː | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! low | ! low | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|a}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aː}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{wipa|rad|aːː}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
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! rowspan="3" | opening | ! rowspan="3" | opening | ||
! close-mid | ! close-mid | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ie iːe}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|uo uːo}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! close-open | ! close-open | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ia}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ua}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! mid-open | ! mid-open | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|œa}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ɔa}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | closing | ! rowspan="2" | closing | ||
! mid-close | ! mid-close | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ei øi}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ɤi ɔi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! open-close | ! open-close | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|ai aːi}} | ||
| | | {{wipa|rad|au}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes. | Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes. | ||
It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian. | It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian. | ||
There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels. | There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels. | ||
Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, | Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{wipa|rad|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{wipa|rad|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{wipa|rad|/ie/}}, {{wipa|rad|/uo/}} and, in some analyses, {{wipa|rad|/ai/}} also have long counterparts: {{wipa|rad|/iːe/}}, {{wipa|rad|/uːo/}} and {{wipa|rad|/aːi/}} respectively. | ||
The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as | The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{wipa|rad|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth'). | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes | Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes {{wipa|rad|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{wipa|rad|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ç/}}is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{wipa|rad|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects. | ||
The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | ||
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=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of | A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{wipa|rad|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''. | ||
=== Prosody === | === Prosody === | ||
Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} | Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{wipa|rad|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{wipa|rad|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo'). | ||
== Writing system == | == Writing system == | ||