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Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions
→Phonology
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=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! labial | |||
! dental | |||
! alveolar | |||
! postalveolar | |||
! palatal | |||
! velar | |||
! glottal | |||
|- | |||
! nasal | |||
| {{wipa|rad|m}} | |||
! | |||
| {{wipa|rad|n}} | |||
! | |||
| {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|ŋ}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
! plosive | |||
| {{wipa|rad|p b}} | |||
! | |||
| {{wipa|rad|t d}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{wipa|rad|k ɡ}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
! fricative | |||
| {{wipa|rad|f v}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|θ ð}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|s z}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|ʃ ʒ}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|(ç) [ʝ]}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|[x] (ɣ)}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|h}} | |||
|- | |||
! affricative | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{wipa|rad|ts dz}} | |||
| {{wipa|rad|tʃ dʒ}} | |||
! colspan="3" | | |||
|- | |||
! glide | |||
| {{wipa|rad|(w)}} | |||
! colspan="3" | | |||
| {{wipa|rad|j}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! rhotic | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{wipa|rad|r}} | |||
! colspan="4" | | |||
|- | |||
! lateral | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{wipa|rad|l}} | |||
! | |||
| {{wipa|rad|(ʎ)}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|} | |||
Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes <span class="IPA nolarge">/w ɣ/</span> are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with <span class="IPA nolarge">/v h/</span> respectively by some speakers. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ/</span> in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʎ/</span>, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects. | Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes <span class="IPA nolarge">/w ɣ/</span> are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with <span class="IPA nolarge">/v h/</span> respectively by some speakers. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ/</span> in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʎ/</span>, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects. | ||
The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | |||
the most widely accepted one is a biphonemic interpretation, {{wipa|rad|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{wipa|rad|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{wipa|rad|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}}. | |||
Most speakers, however, do realise {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} as {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}. | |||
The status of {{wipa|rad|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech, | |||
though in standard speech, it tends to be approximated to {{wipa|rad|/h/}}, which is also accepted. | |||
As such, it can be realised as {{wipa|rad|[x]}} before consonants. | |||
It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally, | |||
and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħa}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}. | |||
Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant, | |||
but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħs}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}. | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||