Appendix:Proto-Laenkean/cel-
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Proto-Laenkean
Root
*cel- (zero grade *cl̥-)
- to know
Conjugation
| Reconstructed conjugation of *cel- (active voice) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| +2 | –2 | +2 | –2 | |||||||||
| imperative | *celʔar | *celʔæ(p?)sje | *celʔær | *celʔɯw(p?)sje | *celʔɯwr | |||||||
| simple aspect | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔakʰus | *celʔan | *celʔaci | *celʔæps | *celʔætʼos | *celʔæm | *celʔætja | *celʔɯwps | *celʔɯwtʼos | *celʔɯwm | *celʔɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjekʰus | *celjen | *celjeci | *celjajps | *celjajtʼos | *celjajm | *celjajtja | *celjawps | *celjawtʼos | *celjawm | *celjawtja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔm̥hakʰus | *celʔm̥han | *celʔm̥haci | *celʔm̥hæps | *celʔm̥hætʼos | *celʔm̥hæm | *celʔm̥hætja | *celʔm̥hɯwps | *celʔm̥hɯwtʼos | *celʔm̥hɯwm | *celʔm̥hɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjm̥hekʰus | *celjm̥hen | *celjm̥heci | *celjm̥hajps | *celjm̥hajtʼos | *celjm̥hajm | *celjm̥hajtja | *celjm̥hawps | *celjm̥hawtʼos | *celjm̥hawm | *celjm̥hawtja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔɯbakʰus | *celʔɯban | *celʔɯbaci | *celʔɯbæps | *celʔɯbætʼos | *celʔɯbæm | *celʔɯbætja | *celʔɯbɯwps | *celʔɯbɯwtʼos | *celʔɯbɯwm | *celʔɯbɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjibekʰus | *celjiben | *celjibeci | *celjibajps | *celjibajtʼos | *celjibajm | *celjibajtja | *celjibawps | *celjibawtʼos | *celjibawm | *celjibawtja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔawgʱmakʰus | *celʔawgʱman | *celʔawgʱmaci | *celʔawgʱmæps | *celʔawgʱmætʼos | *celʔawgʱmæm | *celʔawgʱmætja | *celʔawgʱmɯwps | *celʔawgʱmɯwtʼos | *celʔawgʱmɯwm | *celʔawgʱmɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjajgʱmekʰus | *celjajgʱmen | *celjajgʱmeci | *celjajgʱmajps | *celjajgʱmajtʼos | *celjajgʱmajm | *celjajgʱmajtja | *celjajgʱmawps | *celjajgʱmawtʼos | *celjajgʱmawm | *celjajgʱmawtja | |
| perfective aspect (*-de-) | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔadekʰus | *celʔaden | *celʔadeci | *celʔædeps | *celʔædetʼos | *celʔædem | *celʔædetja | *celʔɯwdeps | *celʔɯwdetʼos | *celʔɯwdem | *celʔɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjedekʰus | *celjeden | *celjedeci | *celjajdeps | *celjajdetʼos | *celjajdem | *celjajdetja | *celjawdeps | *celjawdetʼos | *celjawdem | *celjawdetja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔm̥hadekʰus | *celʔm̥haden | *celʔm̥hadeci | *celʔm̥hædeps | *celʔm̥hædetʼos | *celʔm̥hædem | *celʔm̥hædetja | *celʔm̥hɯwdeps | *celʔm̥hɯwdetʼos | *celʔm̥hɯwdem | *celʔm̥hɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjm̥hedekʰus | *celjm̥heden | *celjm̥hedeci | *celjm̥hajdeps | *celjm̥hajdetʼos | *celjm̥hajdem | *celjm̥hajdetja | *celjm̥hawdeps | *celjm̥hawdetʼos | *celjm̥hawdem | *celjm̥hawdetja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔɯbadekʰus | *celʔɯbaden | *celʔɯbadeci | *celʔɯbædeps | *celʔɯbædetʼos | *celʔɯbædem | *celʔɯbædetja | *celʔɯbɯwdeps | *celʔɯbɯwdetʼos | *celʔɯbɯwdem | *celʔɯbɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjibedekʰus | *celjibeden | *celjibedeci | *celjibajdeps | *celjibajdetʼos | *celjibajdem | *celjibajdetja | *celjibawdeps | *celjibawdetʼos | *celjibawdem | *celjibawdetja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔawgʱmadekʰus | *celʔawgʱmaden | *celʔawgʱmadeci | *celʔawgʱmædeps | *celʔawgʱmædetʼos | *celʔawgʱmædem | *celʔawgʱmædetja | *celʔawgʱmɯwdeps | *celʔawgʱmɯwdetʼos | *celʔawgʱmɯwdem | *celʔawgʱmɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjajgʱmedekʰus | *celjajgʱmeden | *celjajgʱmedeci | *celjajgʱmajdeps | *celjajgʱmajdetʼos | *celjajgʱmajdem | *celjajgʱmajdetja | *celjajgʱmawdeps | *celjajgʱmawdetʼos | *celjajgʱmawdem | *celjajgʱmawdetja | |
| imperfective aspect (*-bow-) | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔabowkʰus | *celʔabown | *celʔabowci | *celʔæbowps | *celʔæbowtʼos | *celʔæbowm | *celʔæbowtja | *celʔɯwbowps | *celʔɯwbowtʼos | *celʔɯwbowm | *celʔɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjebowkʰus | *celjebown | *celjebowci | *celjajbowps | *celjajbowtʼos | *celjajbowm | *celjajbowtja | *celjawbowps | *celjawbowtʼos | *celjawbowm | *celjawbowtja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔm̥habowkʰus | *celʔm̥habown | *celʔm̥habowci | *celʔm̥hæbowps | *celʔm̥hæbowtʼos | *celʔm̥hæbowm | *celʔm̥hæbowtja | *celʔm̥hɯwbowps | *celʔm̥hɯwbowtʼos | *celʔm̥hɯwbowm | *celʔm̥hɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjm̥hebowkʰus | *celjm̥hebown | *celjm̥hebowci | *celjm̥hajbowps | *celjm̥hajbowtʼos | *celjm̥hajbowm | *celjm̥hajbowtja | *celjm̥hawbowps | *celjm̥hawbowtʼos | *celjm̥hawbowm | *celjm̥hawbowtja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔɯbabowkʰus | *celʔɯbabown | *celʔɯbabowci | *celʔɯbæbowps | *celʔɯbæbowtʼos | *celʔɯbæbowm | *celʔɯbæbowtja | *celʔɯbɯwbowps | *celʔɯbɯwbowtʼos | *celʔɯbɯwbowm | *celʔɯbɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjibebowkʰus | *celjibebown | *celjibebowci | *celjibajbowps | *celjibajbowtʼos | *celjibajbowm | *celjibajbowtja | *celjibawbowps | *celjibawbowtʼos | *celjibawbowm | *celjibawbowtja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔawgʱmabowkʰus | *celʔawgʱmabown | *celʔawgʱmabowci | *celʔawgʱmæbowps | *celʔawgʱmæbowtʼos | *celʔawgʱmæbowm | *celʔawgʱmæbowtja | *celʔawgʱmɯwbowps | *celʔawgʱmɯwbowtʼos | *celʔawgʱmɯwbowm | *celʔawgʱmɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjajgʱmebowkʰus | *celjajgʱmebown | *celjajgʱmebowci | *celjajgʱmajbowps | *celjajgʱmajbowtʼos | *celjajgʱmajbowm | *celjajgʱmajbowtja | *celjajgʱmawbowps | *celjajgʱmawbowtʼos | *celjajgʱmawbowm | *celjajgʱmawbowtja | |
| Reconstructed conjugation of *cel- (mediopassive voice) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| +2 | –2 | +2 | –2 | |||||||||
| imperative | *celʔr̥bʱar | *celʔr̥bʱæ(p?)sje | *celʔr̥bʱær | *celʔr̥bʱɯw(p?)sje | *celʔr̥bʱɯwr | |||||||
| simple aspect | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱakʰus | *celʔr̥bʱan | *celʔr̥bʱaci | *celʔr̥bʱæps | *celʔr̥bʱætʼos | *celʔr̥bʱæm | *celʔr̥bʱætja | *celʔr̥bʱɯwps | *celʔr̥bʱɯwtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯwm | *celʔr̥bʱɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱekʰus | *celjr̥bʱen | *celjr̥bʱeci | *celjr̥bʱajps | *celjr̥bʱajtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajm | *celjr̥bʱajtja | *celjr̥bʱawps | *celjr̥bʱawtʼos | *celjr̥bʱawm | *celjr̥bʱawtja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱm̥hakʰus | *celʔr̥bʱm̥han | *celʔr̥bʱm̥haci | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hætʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæm | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hætja | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwm | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱm̥hekʰus | *celjr̥bʱm̥hen | *celjr̥bʱm̥heci | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajtʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajm | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajtja | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawtʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawm | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawtja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱɯbakʰus | *celʔr̥bʱɯban | *celʔr̥bʱɯbaci | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbætʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæm | *celʔr̥bʱɯbætja | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwm | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱibekʰus | *celjr̥bʱiben | *celjr̥bʱibeci | *celjr̥bʱibajps | *celjr̥bʱibajtʼos | *celjr̥bʱibajm | *celjr̥bʱibajtja | *celjr̥bʱibawps | *celjr̥bʱibawtʼos | *celjr̥bʱibawm | *celjr̥bʱibawtja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱawgʱmakʰus | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱman | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmaci | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmætʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæm | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmætja | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwm | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱajgʱmekʰus | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmen | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmeci | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajm | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajtja | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawm | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawtja | |
| perfective aspect (*-de-) | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱadekʰus | *celʔr̥bʱaden | *celʔr̥bʱadeci | *celʔr̥bʱædeps | *celʔr̥bʱædetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱædem | *celʔr̥bʱædetja | *celʔr̥bʱɯwdeps | *celʔr̥bʱɯwdetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯwdem | *celʔr̥bʱɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱedekʰus | *celjr̥bʱeden | *celjr̥bʱedeci | *celjr̥bʱajdeps | *celjr̥bʱajdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱajdem | *celjr̥bʱajdetja | *celjr̥bʱawdeps | *celjr̥bʱawdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱawdem | *celjr̥bʱawdetja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱm̥hadekʰus | *celʔr̥bʱm̥haden | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hadeci | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hædeps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hædetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hædem | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hædetja | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwdeps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwdetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwdem | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱm̥hedekʰus | *celjr̥bʱm̥heden | *celjr̥bʱm̥hedeci | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajdeps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajdem | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajdetja | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawdeps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawdem | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawdetja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱɯbadekʰus | *celʔr̥bʱɯbaden | *celʔr̥bʱɯbadeci | *celʔr̥bʱɯbædeps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbædetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbædem | *celʔr̥bʱɯbædetja | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwdeps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwdetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwdem | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱibedekʰus | *celjr̥bʱibeden | *celjr̥bʱibedeci | *celjr̥bʱibajdeps | *celjr̥bʱibajdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱibajdem | *celjr̥bʱibajdetja | *celjr̥bʱibawdeps | *celjr̥bʱibawdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱibawdem | *celjr̥bʱibawdetja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱawgʱmadekʰus | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmaden | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmadeci | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmædeps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmædetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmædem | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmædetja | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwdeps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwdetʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwdem | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwdetja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱajgʱmedekʰus | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmeden | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmedeci | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajdeps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajdem | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajdetja | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawdeps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawdetʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawdem | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawdetja | |
| imperfective aspect (*-bow-) | ||||||||||||
| indicative | non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱabowkʰus | *celʔr̥bʱabown | *celʔr̥bʱabowci | *celʔr̥bʱæbowps | *celʔr̥bʱæbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱæbowm | *celʔr̥bʱæbowtja | *celʔr̥bʱɯwbowps | *celʔr̥bʱɯwbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯwbowm | *celʔr̥bʱɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱebowkʰus | *celjr̥bʱebown | *celjr̥bʱebowci | *celjr̥bʱajbowps | *celjr̥bʱajbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajbowm | *celjr̥bʱajbowtja | *celjr̥bʱawbowps | *celjr̥bʱawbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱawbowm | *celjr̥bʱawbowtja | |
| cond-subj. (*-m̥h-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱm̥habowkʰus | *celʔr̥bʱm̥habown | *celʔr̥bʱm̥habowci | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæbowps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæbowm | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hæbowtja | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwbowps | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwbowm | *celʔr̥bʱm̥hɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱm̥hebowkʰus | *celjr̥bʱm̥hebown | *celjr̥bʱm̥hebowci | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajbowps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajbowm | *celjr̥bʱm̥hajbowtja | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawbowps | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawbowm | *celjr̥bʱm̥hawbowtja | |
| optative I (*-ɯ/ib-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱɯbabowkʰus | *celʔr̥bʱɯbabown | *celʔr̥bʱɯbabowci | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæbowps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæbowm | *celʔr̥bʱɯbæbowtja | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwbowps | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwbowm | *celʔr̥bʱɯbɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱibebowkʰus | *celjr̥bʱibebown | *celjr̥bʱibebowci | *celjr̥bʱibajbowps | *celjr̥bʱibajbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱibajbowm | *celjr̥bʱibajbowtja | *celjr̥bʱibawbowps | *celjr̥bʱibawbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱibawbowm | *celjr̥bʱibawbowtja | |
| optative II (*-aw/jgʱm-) |
non-past (*-ʔ-) |
*celʔr̥bʱawgʱmabowkʰus | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmabown | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmabowci | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæbowps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæbowm | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmæbowtja | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwbowps | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwbowtʼos | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwbowm | *celʔr̥bʱawgʱmɯwbowtja |
| past (*-j-) |
*celjr̥bʱajgʱmebowkʰus | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmebown | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmebowci | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajbowps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajbowm | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmajbowtja | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawbowps | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawbowtʼos | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawbowm | *celjr̥bʱajgʱmawbowtja | |
Derived terms
| ▶ Terms derived from the Proto-Laenkean root *cel- |