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== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==
[[Category:Radestrian lemmas]]
 
=== Alternative forms ===
=== Alternative forms ===
* {{wl-rad|-at}} (''enclitic form'')
* {{l|rad|-at}} (''enclitic form'')


=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
From {{wl-lang|hlatt|Old Radestrian}}, inherited from {{Proto|Radic|hılht}}, from {{Proto|Hirdic|p̄ɯl-}}, from {{Proto|Laenkean|pɯl-}}. Suppleted forms from {{Proto|Radic|rnatht}}, from {{Proto|Laenkean|(s)natʼ-}}.
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|hvatt}},
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hlatt}},
inherited
from {{inherit|rad|rad-pro|hılht}},
from {{inherit|rad|hrd-pro|p̄ɯl-}}.
from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|pɯl-}},
{{root|rad|lnk-pro|pɯl-|(s)natʼ-}}
Suppleted forms from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|rnatht}}, from {{inherit|rad|hrd-pro|snat-}}, from {{inherit|rad|lnk-pro|(s)natʼ-}}.


=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{rad-pr|v|at}}
{{rad-pr}}
 
{{pos|Radestrian|v}}
'''vat''' (''non-past 1S'' '''{{wl|vage|jump=Radestrian}}''',
''non-past 3S'' '''{{wl|vaș|jump=Radestrian}}''',
''past 1S'' '''{{wl|hâlei|jump=Radestrian}}'''/'''{{wl|rnoșei|jump=Radestrian}}''',
''present adverbial participle'' '''{{wl|rnastivú|jump=Radestrian}}''',
''past adverbial participle'' '''{{wl|rnatúl|jump=Radestrian}}''',
''verbal noun'' '''{{wl|hovaș|jump=Radestrian}}'''/'''{{wl|rnataș|jump=Radestrian}}''')


# {{lb-vcop|Radestrian}} to {{eng|be}}
=== Verb ===
{{defex|Vâs voí asmeșír'''-aș'''!|He'''’s''' just a boy!}}
{{rad-verb
# {{lb-cop}} ''used with adjectival predicates to describe characteristics of the subject''
|npst-1s=vage
{{defex|Ú þyriș-'''age'''.|I '''am''' German.}}
|npst-3s=vaș
# {{lb-cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to describe states of the subject''
|pst-1s=hâlei|pst-1s2=rnoșei
{{defex|Ú ỉ '''vage'''.|I '''am''' hot. / I '''feel''' hot.}}
|prespart=rnastivú
# {{lb-vintr|Radestrian}} to {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as ‘to {{eng|have|pos=Verb}}’''
|pspart=rnatúl
{{defex|'''Vagú''' þrane la virșa dziun!|'''There are''' animals in my house!}}
|vn=hovaș|vn2=rnataș
{{defex|Ven dzínír'''-aș'''.|I have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there is''' a daughter.)}}
}}
# {{lb-vintr}} to {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time)
# {{label|rad|cop}} to {{eng|be}} (equivalence)
{{defex|U haldzỉr teral-'''âleș'''.|The architect '''was''' here.}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|hjeat}}
# {{lb-aux|Radestrian}} to {{eng|be}} (used to form the continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
#: {{ex|rad|Vâs voí asmeșír'''-aș'''!|He'''’s''' just a boy!}}
# {{lb-aux}} to {{eng|have}} (used to form the perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''Used with adjectival predicates to describe characteristics of the subject''.
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș-'''age'''.|I '''am''' German.}}
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''Used with adverbial predicates to describe states of the subject''.
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''vage'''.|I '''am''' hot. / I '''feel''' hot.}}
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there to be}}, ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|have}}.
#: {{ex|rad|''Vagú''' þrane la virșa dziun!|'''There are''' animals in my house!}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínír'''-aș'''.|I have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there is''' a daughter.)}}
# {{label|rad|intr|stative}} to {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time)
#: {{ex|rad|U haldzỉr teral-'''âleș'''.|The architect '''was''' here.}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|be}} (used to form the continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|have}} (used to form the perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)


==== Usage notes ====
==== Usage notes ====
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the enclitic form {{wl-lang|-at|jump=Radestrian}} can be used.
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the enclitic form {{m|rad|-at}} can be used.
* The verb '''vat''' does not have a connegative form.
* The verb {{here}} does not have a connegative form.
** For negations of '''vat''' in all senses, the verb {{m|rad|hjeat}} is used.
** For negations of {{here}} in all senses, the verb {{m|rad|hjeat}} is used.
* Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically; otherwise they are elided.
* Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
 
* The verbal noun {{m|rad|hovaș}} tends to refer to identities, whereas {{m|rad|rnataș}} refers to states.
==== Antonyms ====
* Past forms in ''hâl-'' are the most common.
* {{wl|hjeat|jump=Radestrian}}
** Past forms in ''rnoș-'' are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.


==== Conjugation ====
==== Conjugation ====
{{rad-conj-act|vat|vag|3S=vaș|hâl|rnasti|rnat|hovaș|r=var|conneg=—}}
{{rad-conj-act|vat|vag|3S=vaș|hâl|rnasti|rnat|hovaș|r=var|conneg=—}}
Alternative conjugation:
Alternative conjugation with past forms in ''rnoș-'':
{{rad-conj-act|vat|vag|3S=vaș|rnoș|rnasti|rnat|rnataș|r=var|imp=vaga|conneg=—}}
{{rad-conj-act|vat|vag|3S=vaș|rnoș|rnasti|rnat|rnataș|r=var|imp=vaga|conneg=—}}
* The verbal noun {{wl-lang|hovaș|jump=Radestrian}} tends to refer to identities, whereas {{wl-lang|rnataș|jump=Radestrian}} refers to states.
 
* Past forms in ''hâl-'' are the most common; past forms in ''rnoș-'' are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.
==== Translations ====
{{translations|equivalence copula
|lfv={{l|lfv|alad}}
}}

Revision as of 19:56, 24 August 2023

Laefevian

Etymology

FromProto-Laefevian *bʱatah, fromProto-Laenkean *bʱatas (“eye”).

Pronunciation

Noun

vat

  1. (anatomy) eye

Lua error in Module:languages at line 5: No such language (Jans vat vi šuñǧas.).

Inflection

Primary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
singular dual plural
nominative vat vatund vatir
accusative vate vatundi vati
genitive vatau vatundas vatas, vatiras†
dative vatun vatundon vatirons, vatonc
locative vatul vatundos vatiross, vatosc
instrumental vatô vatundêt vatirêts, vatêtc
Note: † archaic, s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Secondary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
accusative-based cases singular dual plural
sublative vatere vatundire vatire
illative vatele vatundile vatile
benefactive vatear vatundiar vatiar
prolative vatekwe vatundikwe vatikwe
causal-final vatedis vatundirris vatirris
genitive-based cases singular dual plural
delative vatôka vatundirka vatirka
elative vatôtan vatundirtan vatirtan
ablative vataôn vatundiruôn vatiruôn
essive vatôjøn vatundirjøn vatirjøn
abessive vatôze vatundirse vatirse
dative-based cases singular dual plural
terminative vatumas vatundirmas vatirmas
lative vatunši vatundirši vatirši
locative-based cases singular dual plural
superessive vatuneres, vatunerc vatundirorres, vatundorrec vatirorres, vatorrec
inessive vatulle vatundirolles, vatundollec vatirolles, vatollec
exessive vatunun vatundirsun vatirsun
perlative vatuffêl vatundirfêl vatirfêl
instrumental-based cases singular dual plural
translative vatôske vatundirêskes, vatundêskec vatirêskes, vatêskec
comitative vatôsôds, vatôdc vatundirtôds, vatundôdc vatirtôd
Note: s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Possessive forms of {{{6}}}  
possessor singular dual plural
1st person ovvat þevvat avvat
2nd person ivvat filvat sôvvat
3rd person javvat lunvat lavvat
reflexive yvvat

Translations

Template:Trad1* Balavic:ota* Radestrian:vas Template:Trad2

Radestrian

Alternative forms

  • -at (enclitic form)

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian hvatt, from Old Radestrian hlatt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hılht, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄ɯl-. from Proto-Laenkean *pɯl-, Suppleted forms from Old Radestrian rnatht, from Proto-Hirdic *snat-, from Proto-Laenkean *(s)natʼ-.

Pronunciation

Verb

vat (first-person singular non-past vage, third-person singular non-past vaș, first-person singular past hâlei, rnoșei, present adverbial participle rnastivú, past adverbial participle rnatúl, verbal noun hovaș, rnataș)

  1. (copulative) to be (equivalence)
    Antonym: hjeat
    Vâs voí asmeșír-aș!
    He’s just a boy!
  2. (copulative) Used with adjectival predicates to describe characteristics of the subject.
    Ú þyriș-age.
    I am German.
  3. (copulative) Used with adverbial predicates to describe states of the subject.
    Ú ỉ vage.
    I am hot. / I feel hot.
  4. (intransitive) to exist, there to be, also used in constructions which translate as to have.
    Vagú' þrane la virșa dziun!
    There are animals in my house!
    Ven dzínír-aș.
    I have a daughter. (lit. To me there is a daughter.)
  5. (intransitive, stative) to be (in a place, at a time)
    U haldzỉr teral-âleș.
    The architect was here.
  6. (auxiliary) to be (used to form the continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
  7. (auxiliary) to have (used to form the perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)

Usage notes

  • When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the enclitic form -at can be used.
  • The verb vat does not have a connegative form.
    • For negations of vat in all senses, the verb hjeat is used.
  • Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
  • The verbal noun hovaș tends to refer to identities, whereas rnataș refers to states.
  • Past forms in hâl- are the most common.
    • Past forms in rnoș- are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.

Conjugation

Template:rad-conj-act Alternative conjugation with past forms in rnoș-: Template:rad-conj-act

Translations

Please now add the entry language code as the first parameter!

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