Appendix:Literature/Schleicher's fable: Difference between revisions

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=== Gloss ===
{| class="wikitable inflection mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width=100%
! colspan=2 | Sentence glosses
|-
! 1
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=A sheep that had no wool saw horses,
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=A sheep that had no wool saw horses,
|Ñaht,:ñaht<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|ñaht,}}><g:sheep.NOM.SG>
|Ñaht,:ñaht<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|ñaht,}}><g:sheep.NOM.SG>
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|heiþi,:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþi}}><g:horse-ACC.PL>
|heiþi,:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþi}}><g:horse-ACC.PL>
}}
}}
|-
! 2
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=one of them pulling a heavy wagon,
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=one of them pulling a heavy wagon,
|makwiruôns:makwis<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|makwiruôns}}><g:which-PL.ABL-REL>
|makwiruôns:makwis<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|makwiruôns}}><g:which-PL.ABL-REL>
Line 104: Line 111:
|uste,:ust<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|uste}}><g:cart-ACC.SG>
|uste,:ust<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|uste}}><g:cart-ACC.SG>
}}
}}
|-
! 3
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=one carrying a big load,
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=one carrying a big load,
|san<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|san}}><g:one>
|san<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|san}}><g:one>
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|vênte,<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|vênte}}><g:load-ACC.SG>
|vênte,<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|vênte}}><g:load-ACC.SG>
}}
}}
|-
! 4
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=and one carrying a man quickly.
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=and one carrying a man quickly.
|san<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|san}}><g:one>
|san<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|san}}><g:one>
Line 117: Line 130:
|irrane.:irran<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|irrane}}><g:human-ACC.SG>
|irrane.:irran<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|irrane}}><g:human-ACC.SG>
}}
}}
|-
! 5
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=The sheep said to the horses:
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=The sheep said to the horses:
|Ñaht:ñaht<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|ñaht}}><g:sheep.NOM.SG>
|Ñaht:ñaht<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|ñaht}}><g:sheep.NOM.SG>
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|heiþiron::heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþiron}}><g:horse-DAT.PL>
|heiþiron::heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþiron}}><g:horse-DAT.PL>
}}
}}
|-
! 6
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=“My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses.”
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=“My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses.”
|„Jam:jam<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|jam}}><g:heart.NOM.SG>
|„Jam:jam<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|jam}}><g:heart.NOM.SG>
Line 133: Line 152:
|heiþi.”:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþi}}><g:horse-ACC.PL>
|heiþi.”:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþi}}><g:horse-ACC.PL>
}}
}}
|-
! 7
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=The horses said: “Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this:
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=The horses said: “Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this:
|Heiþir:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþir}}><g:horse-NOM.PL>
|Heiþir:heiþ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|heiþir}}><g:horse-NOM.PL>
Line 146: Line 168:
|lo::-lo<p:{{lfv-IPA|lo}}><g:EMPH>
|lo::-lo<p:{{lfv-IPA|lo}}><g:EMPH>
}}
}}
|-
! 8
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself.
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself.
|irran,<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|irran,}}><g:human.NOM.SG>
|irran,<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|irran,}}><g:human.NOM.SG>
Line 157: Line 182:
|angear.:ange<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|angear}}><g:REFL-BEN.SG>
|angear.:ange<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|angear}}><g:REFL-BEN.SG>
}}
}}
|-
! 9
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=And the sheep has no wool.”
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=And the sheep has no wool.”
|Ô:ô<p:{{lfv-IPA|ô}}><g:and>
|Ô:ô<p:{{lfv-IPA|ô}}><g:and>
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|señwêdôze.”:señwê<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|señwêdôze}}><g:wool-ABE.SG>
|señwêdôze.”:señwê<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|señwêdôze}}><g:wool-ABE.SG>
}}
}}
|-
! 10
|
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
{{gg|lfv|phnm=1|t=Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
|Maeǧ:maeǧ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|maeǧ}}><g:when.REL>
|Maeǧ:maeǧ<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|maeǧ}}><g:when.REL>
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|humbyrrele.:humbyrs<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|humbyrrele}}><g:plain-ILL.ACC>
|humbyrrele.:humbyrs<p:ˈ{{lfv-IPA|humbyrrele}}><g:plain-ILL.ACC>
}}
}}
-}


== Radestrian ==
== Radestrian ==

Revision as of 15:43, 20 April 2025

Schleicher's fable is an artificial text composed in the reconstructed language Proto-Indo-European (PIE), published by the German linguist August Schleicher in 1868 (the year of his death). Schleicher was the first scholar to compose a text in PIE. The fable is entitled Avis akvāsas ka ("The Sheep and the Horses").

Various scholars have published revised versions of Schleicher's fable since his original text as the idea of what PIE should look like changed over time. The fable may serve as an illustration of the significant changes that the reconstructed language has gone through during the last 140 years of scholarly efforts.

English

The Sheep and the Horses

① A sheep that had no wool saw horses, ② one of them pulling a heavy wagon, ③ one carrying a big load, ④ and one carrying a man quickly. ⑤ The sheep said to the horses: ⑥ “My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses.” ⑦ The horses said: “Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: ⑧ a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. ⑨ And the sheep has no wool.” ⑩ Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Proto-Laenkean

*ŋakʰtʰas kʰegtʰezajte wotʼ

① *ŋakʰtʰas ᵐbæjngʱetʼad hæjzi pesŋwajʔas kajʔjeci kʰegtʰezed lɯrdʔjedeci, ② slɯhezɯso ʔasas kʼjiwgecetʼad hutlétad ᵐbajkʰjebowci, ③ slɯhezɯso ʔasas garad bʱajttʰad bʱajtjebowci, ④ slɯhezɯso ʔasas kʰeghɯɟ skamtʰad bʱajtjebowci. ⑤ ŋaktʰas kʰegtʰeziwm dwomjedeci: ⑥ “bʱehr̥hen cʼaman skæjtʼʔr̥bʱaci gʱe skamtʰas ᵐbæjngʱes kʰegtʰezed skjupʼʔaci lɯrdʔakʰus.” ⑦ kʰegtʰez dwomjawdetja: “hm̥íwtʼʔar, ŋakʰtʰas, ᵑgjm̥tʼór̥heziwco cʼameziwco skæjtʼʔr̥bʱaci ᵐbæjngʱehɯɟ lɯrdʔɯwtʼos gʱe: ⑧ skamtʰas, hwl̥tʼkʰwés, ŋakʰtʰɯg pesŋwajʔɯg ɟiwkʰeced ɟrɯkʰad ᵑgihm̥ ⁿdetʔaci. ⑨ skajdʱgʱe ŋakʰtʰad hæjzi pesŋwajʔas kajʔʔaci.” ⑩ ᵐbæjngʱehɯɟ skajdʱad humjedeci, ŋakʰtʰas rwewŋm̥ ʔɯci pæwkʼjedeci.

Kirvic

ჹაკთას·ო·კათი
Ṇakthas ō kāthi

① ჹაკთას·ლიაკე·ისმოას·ხოიბუს·კათიზი·ლირვის ② ან·ლიზისკე·ა·ბოკთა·ბათა·აქქიტა ③ ა·ჭიათა·ღარა·პოსსიტა ④ ოკ·ა·აკანტა·პოსსიტა·აწუსკი ⑤ ჹაკთას·კათიზინ·ვომის

① Ṇakthas, liāke ismōas ḥōibūs, kāthizi lirvis, ② an līzīske ā bōktha batha ākkhita, ③ ā c̣iatha ṛara pōssita, ④ ōk ā akanta pōssita acūskī. ⑤ Ṇakthas kāthizīn vomis:

Laefevian

Ñaht ô heiþir

① Ñaht, kwiǧ pênjis señwêda, laljis heiþi, ② makwiruôns san mêšis žoǧwe uste, ③ san virêsis ôrte vênte, ④ san kô haiskaj virêsis irrane. ⑤ Ñaht lônmis heiþiron: ⑥ „Jam vi šubbas, maeǧ dalla irrane, kwiǧ žieddas heiþi.” ⑦ Heiþir unhnulžôs: „Ympohdar, ñaht, jam šubbas njundi, maeǧ dallod ke·lo: ⑧ irran, luhwe, ñyn ñahtugôtan señwêdôtan tannas ormyte kungwede angear. ⑨ Ô ñaht hwalôhkas señwêdôze.” ⑩ Maeǧ ke ylmis, ñaht jøpjøžis humbyrrele.

Forms in bold are direct descendants of forms in the Proto-Laenkean text.
Sentence glosses
1
Ñaht,kwiǧpênjisseñwêdalaljis,heiþi,
/ˈŋaxt | kwiɣˈpɛɲisˈseŋwɛda | ˈlaʎisˈxeiθi /
sheep.nom.sgrelhave_not-ind.pret-3swool-gen.sgsee-ind.pret-3shorse-acc.pl
“A sheep that had no wool saw horses,”
2
makwiruônssanmêšisžoǧweuste,
/ˈmakwiruɔnsˈsanˈmɛʃisˈʒoɣweˈuste /
which-pl.abl-relonepull-ind.pret-3sheavy-acc.sgcart-acc.sg
“one of them pulling a heavy wagon,”
3
sanvirêsisôrtevênte,
/ˈsanˈvirɛsisˈɔrteˈvɛnte /
onecarry-ind.pret-3sbig-acc.sgload-acc.sg
“one carrying a big load,”
4
sankôhaiskajvirêsisirrane.
/ˈsankɔˈxaiskajˈvirɛsisˈirrane /
oneandquicklycarry-ind.pret-3shuman-acc.sg
“and one carrying a man quickly.”
5
Ñahtlônmisheiþiron:
/ˈŋaxtˈlɔmmisˈxeiθiron /
sheep.nom.sgsay-ind.pret-3shorse-dat.pl
“The sheep said to the horses:”
6
„Jamvišubbas,maeǧdallairrane,kwiǧžiedddasheiþi.”
/ˈjamviˈʃubbas | maeɣˈdallaˈirrane | kwiɣˈʒieddasˈxeiθi /
heart.nom.sg1sg.acchurt-ind.pres-3swhen.relsee-ind.pres-1shuman-acc.sgreldrive-ind.pres-1shorse-acc.pl
““My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses.””
7
Heiþirunhnulžôs:„Ympohdar,ñaht,jamšubbasnjundi,maeǧdallodke·lo:
/ˈxeiθirˈunnuɮɮɔs | ˈympoxdar | ˈŋaxt | ˈjamˈʃubbasɲundi | maeɣˈdallodˈkelo /
horse-nom.plrespond-ind.pret-3plisten-imp.2ssheep.nom.sgheart.nom.sghurt-ind.pres-3s1pe.accwhen.relsee-ind.pres-1pethis.acc.sgemph
“The horses said: “Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this:”
8
irran,luhwe,ñynñahtugôtanseñwêdôtantannasormytekungwedeangear.
/ˈirran | ˈluxwe | ŋynˈŋaxtuɡɔtanˈseŋwɛdɔtanˈtannasˈormyteˈkuŋɡwedeˈaŋɡear /
human.nom.sgmaster.nom.sgrefl.dat.sgsheep-poss.adj-ela.sgwool-ela.sgmake-ind.pres-3swarm-acc.sggarment-acc.sgrefl-ben.sg
“a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself.”
9
Ôñahthwalôhkasseñwêdôze.”
/ɔˈŋaxtˈxwalɔxkasˈseŋwɛdɔze /
andsheep.nom.sgremain-ind.pres.3swool-abe.sg
“And the sheep has no wool.””
10
Maeǧkeylmis,ñahtjøpjøžishumbyrrele.
/ˈmaeɣkeˈylmis | ˈŋaxtˈjøpjøʒisˈxumbyrrele /
when.relthis.acc.sghear-ind.pret-3ssheep.nom.sgflee-ind.pret-3splain-ill.acc
“Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.”

-}

Radestrian

U Gaks ar i hjeðe

① Gaks, vân gjeș hreņuog húe, híðirid vareș, ② antí vjes gjeș às baðiș veled áșevú, ③ às gjoriș mjekst vjetivú ④ ar às skanslișt așuorcí vjetivú hâle. ⑤ U gaks i híðirín dvomeș: ⑥ „Stjátș-en a tasms, ádei híðiríe hedxeșe skanslișt vart.” ⑦ I hjeðe dvomú: „Areta, gakse. Dzatorín stjátș a tasms, ádete kjestad vartú: ⑧ eș skanslieþs, u slica, hreņúvur u gaksk lmiriș rnoland dzin de. ⑨ O u gaksa hreņuog hjeaș.” ⑩ Lecjúl kad, gjeș u gaks erja hvakst anșușe.

Forms in bold are direct descendants of forms in the Proto-Laenkean text.
Sentence glosses
1
Gaks,vângjeșhreņuoghúe,híðiridvareș,
/ˈɡaks | vɤnjɛʃˈhrɛŋuoɡˈhuːɛ | ˈhiːðiridˈvarɛʃ /
sheep-nom.sg3s.anim-datrel=3swool-gen.sgneg.pst-depers.sghorse-pl-accsee.pst-ind-3s
“A sheep that had no wool saw horses,”
2
antívjesgjeșàsbaðișveledáșevú,
/ˈantiːvjɛsjɛʃˈasˈbaðiʃˈvɛlɛdˈaːʃɛvuː /
from-amongst3p.anim-genrel=3sone-nomheavycart-acc.sgpull-prespart-adv
“one of them pulling a heavy wagon,”
3
àsgjorișmjekstvjetivú,
/ˈasˈjɔriʃˈmjɛkstˈvjɛtivuː /
one-nombigload-acc.sgcarry-prespart-adv
“one carrying a big load,”
4
aràsskansliștașuorcívjetivú,hâle.
/arˈasˈskansliʃtaˈʃuortsiːˈvjɛtivuːˈhɤlɛ /
andone-nomman-acc.sgquick-advcarry-prespart-advbe.pst-ind-depers.sg
“and one carrying a man quickly.”
5
Ugaksihíðiríndvomeș:
/uˈɡaksiˈhiːðiriːnˈdvɔmɛʃ /
def.anim.sgsheep-nom.sgdef.anim.plhorse-dat.plsay.pst-ind-3s
“The sheep said to the horses:”
6
„Stjátș-enatasms,ádeihíðiríehedxeșeskansliștvart.”
/ˈstʃaːtʃɛnaˈtasms | ˈaːdeiˈhiːðiriːɛˈhɛdʒɛʃɛˈskansliʃtˈvart /
hurt.npst-ind-3s1s-datdef.inan.sgheart-nom.sgwhen=1shorse-ins.pldrive-prespart-adj-animman-acc.sgsee.npst-ind-depers.sg
“"My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses."”
7
Ihjeðedvomú:„Areta,gakse.
/iˈʃɛðɛˈdvɔmuː | ˈarɛtaˈɡaksɛ /
def.anim.plhorse-nom.plsay.pst-ind-3plisten.imp-2ssheep-voc.sg
“The horses said: "Listen, sheep,”
Dzatorínstjátșatasms,ádetekjestadvartú:
/ˈdzatɔriːnˈstʃaːtʃaˈtasms | ˈaːdɛtɛˈtʃɛstadˈvartuː /
1pe-emph.dathurt.npst-ind-3sdef.inan.sgheart-nom.sgwhen=1pethis-emph.acc.sgsee.npst-ind-depers.pl
“"our hearts pain us when we see this:”
8
eșskanslieþs,uslica,hreņúvurugaksklmirișrnolanddzinde.
/ɛʃˈskanslieθs | uˈslitsa | hrɛˈŋuːvuːruˈɡakskˈlmiriʃˈrnɔlanddzinˈdɛ /
that=3sman-nom.sgdef.anim.sgmaster-nom.sgwool-ins.sgdef.anim.sgsheep-gen.sgwarmclothing-acc.sgrefl-datmake.npst-ind-depers.sg
“a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself.”
9
Ougaksahreņuoghjeaș.”
/ɔuˈɡaksaˈhrɛŋuoɡˈʃæːʃ /
anddef.anim.sgsheep-dat.sgwool-gen.sgneg.npst-ind-3s
“And the sheep has no wool."”
10
Lecjúlkad,gjeșugakserjahvakstanșușe.
/ˈlɛtʃuːlkad | jɛʃuˈɡaksˈɛrjaˈhvakstˈanʃuʃɛ /
hear-pspart-advthis-acc.sgfoc=3sdef.anim.sgsheep-nom.sgonto=def.inan.sgplain-acc.sgrun_away.pst-ind-depers.sg
“Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.”

Riyan
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