Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions

Appendix:World/Radestrian language (view source)

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 {{wip}}
-'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈvlɤ̃ˑzä ä‿rːɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]</span> or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[rɛˈdɛʃɛʃɛ]</span>) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}.
+{{appendix|rad}}
+'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|vlunza a rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}.
 It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}.
+As a conlang, it belongs to [[User:TheNightAvl|Avl]].
 == History ==
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 == Dialects ==
 Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}.
-Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ~ç/</span> distinction.
+Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{tipa|/ʃ#~ç/}} distinction.
-The standard language considers both the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> and its merging with <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ/</span> to be correct, although nowadays, the dominating pronunciation disfavours <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span>.
+The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{tipa|/ç/}} and its merging with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} to be correct; nowadays, however, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{tipa|/ç/}}.
-Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈçaːdvä̃ˑθs]</span> itself.
+Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{tipa|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{rad-IPA|hjádvanþs|phon|format|hj|nolarge}} itself.
+The insular dialect is particular for its retention of final ''-o'', found in some nominative forms of nouns, but most prominently also in first-person singular conjugations. Examples include standard {{m|rad|Denue|t=Milky Way}} versus insular {{m|rad|Denuò}}, standard {{m|rad|stiè|t=I eat}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|stio}}, standard {{m|rad|lvui|t=I know}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|lvuò}}.
 == Phonology ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 40: @@
 |-
 ! high
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">i (y)</span>
+| {{tipa|i (y)}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">u</span>
+| {{tipa|u}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">iː</span>
+| {{tipa|iː}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">uː</span>
+| {{tipa|uː}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">iːː</span>
+| {{tipa|iːː}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">uːː</span>
+| {{tipa|uːː}}
 |-
 ! mid
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɛ œ</span>
+| {{tipa|ɛ œ}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɤ ɔ</span>
+| {{tipa|ɤ ɔ}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">(eː)<br>æː</span>
+| {{tipa|(eː)*<br>*æː}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">(oː)<br>ɔː</span>
+| {{tipa|(oː)*<br>*ɔː}}
 ! colspan="2" |
 |-
 ! low
-| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">a</span>
+| colspan="2" | {{tipa|a}}
-| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">aː</span>
+| colspan="2" | {{tipa|aː}}
-| colspan="2" | <span class="IPA nolarge">aːː</span>
+| colspan="2" | {{tipa|aːː}}
 |}
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
@@ Line 64: / Line 68: @@
 ! rowspan="3" | opening
 ! close-mid
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ie iːe</span>
+| {{tipa|ie iːe}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">uo uːo</span>
+| {{tipa|uo uːo}}
 |-
 ! close-open
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ia</span>
+| {{tipa|ia}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ua</span>
+| {{tipa|ua}}
 |-
 ! mid-open
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">œa</span>
+| {{tipa|œa}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɔa</span>
+| {{tipa|ɔa}}
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" | closing
 ! mid-close
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ei øi</span>
+| {{tipa|ei øi}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ɤi ɔi</span>
+| {{tipa|ɤi ɔi}}
 |-
 ! open-close
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">ai (aːi)</span>
+| {{tipa|ai}}
-| <span class="IPA nolarge">au</span>
+| {{tipa|au}}
 |}
 Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes.
 It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian.
 There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels.
-Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, <span class="IPA nolarge">/æː/</span> was the diphthong <span class="IPA nolarge">/ɛa/</span>, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs <span class="IPA nolarge">/ie/</span>, <span class="IPA nolarge">/uo/</span> and, in some analyses, <span class="IPA nolarge">/ai/</span> also have long counterparts: <span class="IPA nolarge">/iːe/</span>, <span class="IPA nolarge">/uːo/</span> and <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːi/</span> respectively. The existence of <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːi/</span> as a phoneme is debated, and is generally regarded nowadays to be the biphonemic <span class="IPA nolarge">/aːj/</span>.
+Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{tipa|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{tipa|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{tipa|/ie/}} and {{tipa|/uo/}} also have long counterparts: {{tipa|/iːe/}} and {{tipa|/uːo/}} respectively.
-The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]</span>. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']</span> ('of a fifth').
+The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{tipa|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth').
 === Consonants ===
@@ Line 104: / Line 108: @@
 |-
 ! nasal
-| {{wipa|rad|m}}
+| {{tipa|m}}
 !
-| {{wipa|rad|n}}
+| {{tipa|n}}
 !
-| {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}
+| {{tipa|ɲ}}
-| {{wipa|rad|ŋ}}
+| {{tipa|ŋ}}
 !
 |-
 ! plosive
-| {{wipa|rad|p b}}
+| {{tipa|p b}}
 !
-| {{wipa|rad|t d}}
+| {{tipa|t d}}
 ! colspan="2" |
-| {{wipa|rad|k ɡ}}
+| {{tipa|k ɡ}}
 !
 |-
 ! fricative
-| {{wipa|rad|f v}}
+| {{tipa|f v}}
-| {{wipa|rad|θ ð}}
+| {{tipa|θ ð}}
-| {{wipa|rad|s z}}
+| {{tipa|s z}}
-| {{wipa|rad|ʃ ʒ}}
+| {{tipa|ʃ ʒ}}
-| {{wipa|rad|(ç) [ʝ]}}
+| {{tipa|(ç) [ʝ]}}
-| {{wipa|rad|[x] (ɣ)}}
+| {{tipa|[x] (ɣ)}}
-| {{wipa|rad|h}}
+| {{tipa|h}}
 |-
 ! affricative
 ! colspan="2" |
-| {{wipa|rad|ts dz}}
+| {{tipa|ts dz}}
-| {{wipa|rad|tʃ dʒ}}
+| {{tipa|tʃ dʒ}}
 ! colspan="3" |
 |-
 ! glide
-| {{wipa|rad|(w)}}
+| {{tipa|(w)}}
 ! colspan="3" |
-| {{wipa|rad|j}}
+| {{tipa|j}}
 ! colspan="2" |
 |-
 ! rhotic
 ! colspan="2" |
-| {{wipa|rad|r}}
+| {{tipa|r}}
 ! colspan="4" |
 |-
 ! lateral
 ! colspan="2" |
-| {{wipa|rad|l}}
+| {{tipa|l}}
 !
-| {{wipa|rad|(ʎ)}}
+| {{tipa|(ʎ)}}
 ! colspan="2" |
 |}
-Standard Radestrian has 28 consonant phonemes, of which 26 are native. The phonemes <span class="IPA nolarge">/w ɣ/</span> are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with <span class="IPA nolarge">/v h/</span> respectively by some speakers. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ç/</span> is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʃ/</span> in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme <span class="IPA nolarge">/ʎ/</span>, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects.
+Standard Radestrian has 29 consonant phonemes, of which 27 are native. The phonemes {{tipa|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{tipa|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{tipa|/ç/}} is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{tipa|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects.
-The phonological status of {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}} has been debated:
+The phonological status of {{tipa|[ɲ]}} has been debated:
-the most widely accepted one is a biphonemic interpretation, {{wipa|rad|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{wipa|rad|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{wipa|rad|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{wipa|rad|/ʃ/}}.
+historically, the most widely accepted one has been a biphonemic interpretation, {{tipa|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{tipa|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{tipa|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{tipa|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{tipa|/ʃ/}}.
-Most speakers, however, do realise {{wipa|rad|/nj/}} as {{wipa|rad|[ɲ]}}.
+Nowadays, however, it is generally accepted that {{tipa|/ɲ/}} is its own phoneme.
+One argument is that most speakers realise the sound as {{tipa|[ɲ]}} regardless.
+Another more compelling argument is that {{tipa|[ɲ]}} can exist before {{tipa|[i]}}, which {{tipa|[j]}} cannot do, cf. {{m|rad|Lundenjír|t=Londoner}} {{tipa|[ˈlɤndɛɲiːr]}}, not {{tipa|*[ˈlɤndɛniːr]}}, as opposed to {{m|rad|sĵí|t=disgust|pos=genitive singular}} {{tipa|[siː]}}, from underlying {{tipa|//sjiː//}}.
-The status of {{wipa|rad|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech,
+The status of {{tipa|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech,
-though in standard speech, it tends to be approximated to {{wipa|rad|/h/}}, which is also accepted.
+though in standard speech, it is approximated as {{tipa|/h/}}, and using {{tipa|/ɣ/}} can be seen as snobbish.
-As such, it can be realised as {{wipa|rad|[x]}} before consonants.
 It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally,
-and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħa}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}.
+and so {{m|rad|sjorķaha}} may be realised as {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}.
 Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant,
-but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķaħs}} may be realised as {{wipa|rad|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{wipa|rad|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}.
+but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķahs}} may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}.
 === Phonotactics ===
-A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of <span class="IPA nolarge">[ʃ]</span>, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''.
+A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{tipa|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''.
 === Prosody ===
-Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[ˈfjœdæːt]</span> ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} <span class="IPA nolarge">[fjœˈdæːt]</span> ('to overdo').
+Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{tipa|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{tipa|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo').
 == Writing system ==