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Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions
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'''Radestrian''' ([[ | {{appendix|rad}} | ||
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the Hirdic branch and | '''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|vlunza a rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}. | ||
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | |||
As a conlang, it belongs to [[User:TheNightAvl|Avl]]. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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Radestrian diverged from the {{w|Radic_languages|Radic branch}} as a distinct language around 2000 years ago. | Radestrian diverged from the {{w|Radic_languages|Radic branch}} as a distinct language around 2000 years ago. | ||
It was imposed as a {{w|Languages_of_Riyana|co-official language of Riyana}} under Radestrian rule, but has since been stripped of this status following {{w|Riyan independence|Riyana’s declaration of independence}} in 2019. | |||
== Dialects == | == Dialects == | ||
Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three | Radestrian dialects are traditionally divided into three groups: {{w|Mainland_Radestrian|Mainland}}, {{w|Coastal_Radestrian|Coastal}} and {{w|Insular_Radestrian|Insular}}. | ||
Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical | Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{tipa|/ʃ#~ç/}} distinction. | ||
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of | The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{tipa|/ç/}} and its merging with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} to be correct; nowadays, however, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{tipa|/ç/}}. | ||
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use | Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{tipa|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{rad-IPA|hjádvanþs|phon|format|hj|nolarge}} itself. | ||
The insular dialect is particular for its retention of final ''-o'', found in some nominative forms of nouns, but most prominently also in first-person singular conjugations. Examples include standard {{m|rad|Denue|t=Milky Way}} versus insular {{m|rad|Denuò}}, standard {{m|rad|stiè|t=I eat}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|stio}}, standard {{m|rad|lvui|t=I know}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|lvuò}}. | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
| Line 34: | Line 40: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! high | ! high | ||
| | | {{tipa|i (y)}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|u}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|iː}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|uː}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|iːː}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|uːː}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! mid | ! mid | ||
| | | {{tipa|ɛ œ}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|ɤ ɔ}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|(eː)*<br>*æː}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|(oː)*<br>*ɔː}} | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! low | ! low | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{tipa|a}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{tipa|aː}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | {{tipa|aːː}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
| Line 62: | Line 68: | ||
! rowspan="3" | opening | ! rowspan="3" | opening | ||
! close-mid | ! close-mid | ||
| | | {{tipa|ie iːe}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|uo uːo}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! close-open | ! close-open | ||
| | | {{tipa|ia}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|ua}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! mid-open | ! mid-open | ||
| | | {{tipa|œa}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|ɔa}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | closing | ! rowspan="2" | closing | ||
! mid-close | ! mid-close | ||
| | | {{tipa|ei øi}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|ɤi ɔi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! open-close | ! open-close | ||
| | | {{tipa|ai}} | ||
| | | {{tipa|au}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes. | Standard Radestrian has 18 monophthongal vowel phonemes. | ||
It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian. | It has 8 short vowels, 7 of which are native to Radestrian. | ||
There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels. | There are also 7 long vowels, 5 of which are native to Radestrian, as well as 3 overlong vowels. | ||
Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, | Moreover, there are between 14 and 15 diphthongal vowel phonemes, bringing the language's overall vowel phoneme count to 32 or 33. Historically, {{tipa|/æː/}} was the diphthong {{tipa|/ɛa/}}, but it is now no longer considered, perceived or realised as a diphthong. The diphthongs {{tipa|/ie/}} and {{tipa|/uo/}} also have long counterparts: {{tipa|/iːe/}} and {{tipa|/uːo/}} respectively. | ||
The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as | The short-long-overlong duration ratio is approximately 1 : 1.8 : 2.6, with short vowels lasting around 130–180ms. In colloquial speech, the short-long distinction tends to be neutralised in final syllables, particularly in common inflections such as ''-í'' and ''-ú(r)'': {{m|rad|desúr}} ('in fact') may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈdɛs'''u'''r]}}. Similarly, overlong vowels tend to become long—or even short for speakers with a long-overlong merger—in this context: ''vjeirevỉ'' {{tipa|[ˈvjairɛv'''i(ː)''']}} ('of a fifth'). | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
Standard Radestrian has | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |||
! | |||
! labial | |||
! dental | |||
! alveolar | |||
! postalveolar | |||
! palatal | |||
! velar | |||
! glottal | |||
|- | |||
! nasal | |||
| {{tipa|m}} | |||
! | |||
| {{tipa|n}} | |||
! | |||
| {{tipa|ɲ}} | |||
| {{tipa|ŋ}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
! plosive | |||
| {{tipa|p b}} | |||
! | |||
| {{tipa|t d}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{tipa|k ɡ}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
! fricative | |||
| {{tipa|f v}} | |||
| {{tipa|θ ð}} | |||
| {{tipa|s z}} | |||
| {{tipa|ʃ ʒ}} | |||
| {{tipa|(ç) [ʝ]}} | |||
| {{tipa|[x] (ɣ)}} | |||
| {{tipa|h}} | |||
|- | |||
! affricative | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{tipa|ts dz}} | |||
| {{tipa|tʃ dʒ}} | |||
! colspan="3" | | |||
|- | |||
! glide | |||
| {{tipa|(w)}} | |||
! colspan="3" | | |||
| {{tipa|j}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! rhotic | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{tipa|r}} | |||
! colspan="4" | | |||
|- | |||
! lateral | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
| {{tipa|l}} | |||
! | |||
| {{tipa|(ʎ)}} | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|} | |||
Standard Radestrian has 29 consonant phonemes, of which 27 are native. The phonemes {{tipa|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{tipa|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{tipa|/ç/}} is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{tipa|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects. | |||
The phonological status of {{tipa|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | |||
historically, the most widely accepted one has been a biphonemic interpretation, {{tipa|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{tipa|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{tipa|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{tipa|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{tipa|/ʃ/}}. | |||
Nowadays, however, it is generally accepted that {{tipa|/ɲ/}} is its own phoneme. | |||
One argument is that most speakers realise the sound as {{tipa|[ɲ]}} regardless. | |||
Another more compelling argument is that {{tipa|[ɲ]}} can exist before {{tipa|[i]}}, which {{tipa|[j]}} cannot do, cf. {{m|rad|Lundenjír|t=Londoner}} {{tipa|[ˈlɤndɛɲiːr]}}, not {{tipa|*[ˈlɤndɛniːr]}}, as opposed to {{m|rad|sĵí|t=disgust|pos=genitive singular}} {{tipa|[siː]}}, from underlying {{tipa|//sjiː//}}. | |||
The status of {{tipa|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech, | |||
though in standard speech, it is approximated as {{tipa|/h/}}, and using {{tipa|/ɣ/}} can be seen as snobbish. | |||
It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally, | |||
and so {{m|rad|sjorķaha}} may be realised as {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}. | |||
Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant, | |||
but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķahs}} may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}. | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of | A distinctive characteristic of Radestrian is its notable abundance of {{tipa|[ʃ]}}, as well as its initial liquid consonant clusters, such as ''lm-'', ''rn-'', ''lņ-'' and ''rl-''. | ||
=== Prosody === | === Prosody === | ||
Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} | Stress in Radestrian is predictable, but distinctive. While there are not many cases where stress is indeed distinctive, minimal pairs include {{m|rad|fjødeat}} {{tipa|[ˈfjœdæːt]}} ('to complete') and {{m|rad|fjø·deat}} {{tipa|[fjœˈdæːt]}} ('to overdo'). | ||
== Writing system == | == Writing system == | ||