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Appendix:World/Radestrian language: Difference between revisions
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'''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|vlunza a rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}. | '''Radestrian''' ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: {{m|rad|vlunza}} {{m|rad|a}} {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|vlunza a rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}} or simply {{m|rad|rredeșeșe}} {{rad-IPA|rredeșeșe|phon|format|nolarge}}) is a {{w|Radic_languages|Radic language}} and the official language of {{w|Radestria}}, and a minority language in {{w|Lusetia}} and {{w|Riyana}}. | ||
It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | It is part of the wider {{w|Hirdic_languages|Hirdic language family}}, a subfamily of the {{w|Laenkean languages}}. Related languages include its sister language {{w|Lusetian_language|Lusetian}} within the Radic branch, {{w|Riyan_language|Riyan}} within the superordinate Hirdic branch and more distantly {{w|Laefevian_language|Laefevian}}. | ||
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Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{tipa|/ʃ#~ç/}} distinction. | Within the Mainland dialect group, the dialects are further divided by the {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} isogloss, depending on whether they maintain the historical {{tipa|/ʃ#~ç/}} distinction. | ||
The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{tipa|/ç/}} and its merging with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} to be correct; nowadays, however, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{tipa|/ç/}}. | The standard language considers both the pronunciation of {{tipa|/ç/}} and its merging with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} to be correct; nowadays, however, the dominating pronunciation disfavours {{tipa|/ç/}}. | ||
Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{tipa|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{rad-IPA|hjádvanþs|phon|format|nolarge}} itself. | Some speakers of non-''hjádvanþs'' dialects may still use {{tipa|/ç/}} when referring to names of ''hjádvanþs''-speakers out of respect, and with the word ''hjádvanþs'' {{rad-IPA|hjádvanþs|phon|format|hj|nolarge}} itself. | ||
The insular dialect is particular for its retention of final ''-o'', found in some nominative forms of nouns, but most prominently also in first-person singular conjugations. Examples include standard {{m|rad|Denue|t=Milky Way}} versus insular {{m|rad|Denuò}}, standard {{m|rad|stiè|t=I eat}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|stio}}, standard {{m|rad|lvui|t=I know}} versus dialectal {{m|rad|lvuò}}. | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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| {{tipa|n}} | | {{tipa|n}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| {{tipa| | | {{tipa|ɲ}} | ||
| {{tipa|ŋ}} | | {{tipa|ŋ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Standard Radestrian has | Standard Radestrian has 29 consonant phonemes, of which 27 are native. The phonemes {{tipa|/w ɣ/}} are loaned phonemes, and are often replaced with {{tipa|/v h/}} respectively by some speakers. The phoneme {{tipa|/ç/}} is characteristic of {{m|rad|hjádvanþs}} dialect groups, but has merged with {{tipa|/ʃ/}} in other mainland dialects. The standard language accepts both ways as correct. The phoneme {{tipa|/ʎ/}}, however, is maintained chiefly in non-standard dialects. | ||
The phonological status of {{tipa|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | The phonological status of {{tipa|[ɲ]}} has been debated: | ||
the most widely accepted one | historically, the most widely accepted one has been a biphonemic interpretation, {{tipa|/nj/}}, especially as <nĵ> {{tipa|/nj/}} does not exist to contrast *{{tipa|/ɲ/}}, cf. <sĵ> {{tipa|/sj/}} versus <sj> {{tipa|/ʃ/}}. | ||
Nowadays, however, it is generally accepted that {{tipa|/ɲ/}} is its own phoneme. | |||
One argument is that most speakers realise the sound as {{tipa|[ɲ]}} regardless. | |||
Another more compelling argument is that {{tipa|[ɲ]}} can exist before {{tipa|[i]}}, which {{tipa|[j]}} cannot do, cf. {{m|rad|Lundenjír|t=Londoner}} {{tipa|[ˈlɤndɛɲiːr]}}, not {{tipa|*[ˈlɤndɛniːr]}}, as opposed to {{m|rad|sĵí|t=disgust|pos=genitive singular}} {{tipa|[siː]}}, from underlying {{tipa|//sjiː//}}. | |||
The status of {{tipa|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech, | The status of {{tipa|/ɣ/}} in loanwords is generally that it should be pronounced in formal speech, | ||
though in standard speech, it | though in standard speech, it is approximated as {{tipa|/h/}}, and using {{tipa|/ɣ/}} can be seen as snobbish. | ||
It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally, | It is also accepted to elide the sound altogether intervocalically and word‑finally, | ||
and so {{m|rad| | and so {{m|rad|sjorķaha}} may be realised as {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣa/}}, {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaha/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaː/}}. | ||
Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant, | Normative language maintains that the consonant should always be pronounced before another consonant, | ||
but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad| | but colloquially it can also be found elided, and so {{m|rad|sjorķahs}} may be realised as {{tipa|[ˈʃɔrtʃaxs]}} (underlyingly {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃaɣs/}} or {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃahs/}}), but colloquially and proscribedly also {{tipa|/ˈʃɔrtʃas/}}. | ||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||