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hjeat: Difference between revisions
→Conjugation
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=== Etymology === | === Etymology === | ||
From {{inherit|rad|rad-m| | From {{inherit|rad|rad-m|héht}}, | ||
from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}}, | from {{inherit|rad|rad-o|hǫhtt}}, | ||
inherited | inherited | ||
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=== Pronunciation === | === Pronunciation === | ||
{{rad-pronunciation}} | {{rad-pronunciation|colloquial|/jæːt/ (as post-consonantal clitic)}} | ||
=== Verb === | === Verb === | ||
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# {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject'' | # {{label|rad|cop}} ''used with adverbial predicates to negate states of the subject'' | ||
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}} | #: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''hjei'''.|I'''’m not''' hot. / I '''don’t feel''' hot.}} | ||
# {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}} {{ | # {{label|rad|impers}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there not to be}}; ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|not}} {{eng|have|pos=Verb}} {{with|rad verb|gen<what there isn't>}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þraniris la virșa dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}} | #: {{ex|rad|'''Hjeaș''' þraniris la virșa dziun.|'''There are no''' animals in my house.}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}} | #: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínig '''hjeaș'''.|I don't have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there isn’t''' a daughter.)}} | ||
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time) | # {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time) | ||
#: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}} | #: {{ex|rad|A haldzỉr teral'''-úeș'''.|The architect '''wasn’t''' here.}} | ||
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' {{ | # {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}}, ''negates a proposition'' {{with|connegative}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|'''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}} | #: {{ex|rad|'''Húei''' dzoru orasta.|I '''didn't''' sing a song.}} | ||
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle) | # {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|not}} {{eng|be}} (used to form the negated continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle) | ||
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# {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions) | # {{eng|no}} (response to closed questions) | ||
#: {{antonyms|rad|gje}} | #: {{antonyms|rad|gje}} | ||
#: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn rredeșeí | #: {{ex|rad|— Gjøn rredeșeí dvarú?<br>— '''Hjei'''.|— Do you speak Radestrian?<br>— '''No(, I don't)'''.}} | ||
==== Usage notes ==== | ==== Usage notes ==== | ||
* When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive. | * When negating propositions, accusative direct objects change to the genitive. | ||
* The connegative of {{m|rad|vat}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb. | * The connegative of {{m|rad|vat}}, ''*vata'', does not exist: '''hjeat''' on its own means ''to not be'', unless accompanying a connegative form of another verb, in which case it acts as negation of that verb. | ||
** Note also that {{m|rad|hjeat}} has no compound forms. For negative compound forms, see {{m|rad|vat}}. | |||
* As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | * As an auxiliary, ''hjeat'' must still bear all matrix inflection. | ||
** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms. | ** The exception to this is voice, where non-finite forms have separate passive forms. Therefore, when negating a passive verb, the passive is marked in the connegative, as ''hjeat'' does not have passive forms. | ||
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used. | * When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, enclitic forms with initial '''h-''' elided (not '''hj-''') can be used. | ||
* The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{ | * The verb '''hjeat''' does not have a connegative form, being the negated form of {{m|rad|vat}}. | ||
==== Conjugation ==== | ==== Conjugation ==== | ||
{{rad-conj|t=intr|hjeat|hje|hú*|hûșe*|hov*|altpst=-ú*|altpst_note=enclitic|altprespart=-ûșe*|altprespart_note=enclitic|altpspart=-ovú*|altpspart_note=enclitic|altapst=-úa*|altapst_note=enclitic|altvnoun=-ovaș*|altvnoun_note=enclitic|alt1s=hja*|alt1s_note=informal, non-standard}} | |||
{{rad-conj|t=intr|hjeat|hje|hú|hûșe|hov|altpst=-ú|altpst_note=enclitic|altprespart=-ûșe|altprespart_note=enclitic|altpspart=-ovú|altpspart_note=enclitic|altapst=-úa|altapst_note=enclitic|altvnoun=-ovaș|altvnoun_note=enclitic| | |||