vat: Difference between revisions

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=== Pronunciation ===
=== Pronunciation ===
{{rad-pr}}
* {{IPA|rad|/{{rad-IPA|vat}}/}}
** As a predicating verb, it is a phonological enclitic when directly following the predicate, regardless of spelling. This means that ''vancí vagú'' (“they are ill”), although primarily stressed as two separate words, constitutes one phonological word, i.e. {{rad-IPA|vancí-vagú|format|nolarge}}, not *{{rad-IPA|vancí vagú|format|nolarge}} or *{{rad-IPA|vancívagú|format|nolarge}}).
*** This means that its forms as an enclitic can acquire light phonetic secondary stress on the ult (or penult if long) for most speakers, i.e. {{tipa|[ˈvantsiːvaˌɡuː]}}, which also contributes to modern Radestrian poetics. Compare {{m|rad|vagú}} when it is not an enclitic, which is stressed as {{rad-IPA|vagú|format|nolarge}}. It is worth noting, however, that the rules for phonetic secondary stress placement are more complex.
* {{rhymes|rad|-at}}


=== Verb ===
=== Verb ===
Line 82: Line 85:
|vn=hovaș|vn2=rnataș
|vn=hovaș|vn2=rnataș
}}
}}
# {{label|rad|cop}} to {{eng|be}} (equivalence)
# {{label|rad|cop}} to {{eng|be}} {{+|&_equivalence + nominative}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|hjeat}}
#: {{antonyms|rad|hjeat}}
#: {{ex|rad|Vâs voí asmeșír'''-aș'''!|He'''’s''' just a boy!}}
#: {{ex|rad|Vâs voí asmeșír'''-aș'''!|He'''’s''' just a boy!}}
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''Used with adjectival predicates to describe characteristics of the subject''.
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''characteristic predication'' {{+|adjective}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș-'''age'''.|I '''am''' German.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú þyriș-'''age'''.|I '''am''' German.}}
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''Used with adverbial predicates to describe states of the subject''.
# {{label|rad|cop}} ''stative predication'' {{+|adverb}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''vage'''.|I '''am''' hot. / I '''feel''' hot.}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ú ỉ '''vage'''.|I '''am''' hot. / I '''feel''' hot.}}
# {{label|rad|intr}} to {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there to be}}, ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|have}}.
# {{label|rad|intr}}
#: {{ex|rad|'''Vagú''' þrane la virșa dziun!|'''There are''' animals in my house!}}
## to {{eng|exist}}, {{eng|there_be|there to be}}
#: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínis'''-aș'''.|I have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there is''' a daughter.)}}
##: {{ex|rad|Þrane '''vagú''' la virșa dziun!|'''There are''' animals in my house!}}
# {{label|rad|intr|stative}} to {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time), ''also used in constructions which translate as'' to {{eng|wear}}.
## to {{eng|have}} {{+|rad verb|*nom<qq:the possessed> + dat<qq:possessor>}}
#: {{ex|rad|U haldzỉr teral-'''âleș'''.|The architect '''was''' here.}}
##: {{ex|rad|Ven dzínis'''-aș'''.|I have a daughter. (''lit.'' To me '''there is''' a daughter.)}}
#: {{ex|rad|Venyn erváte *vagú*.|I wear glasses. (''lit.'' At me *are* glasses.)}}
# {{label|rad|intr|stative}}
#: {{ex|rad|Venger rjes*-aș*.|I wear a hat. (''lit.'' On me *is* a hat.)}}
## to {{eng|be}} (in a place, at a time)
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|be}} (used to form the continuous aspect with the present adverbial participle)
##: {{ex|rad|U haldzỉr teral-'''âleș'''.|The architect '''was''' here.}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} to {{eng|have}} (used to form the perfective aspect with the past adverbial participle)
## to {{eng|wear}} (clothing) {{+|rad|nom<what> + :yn(dat)<who> / :er(dat)<who><qq:headwear>}}
##: {{ex|rad|Venyn erváte *vagú*.|I wear glasses. (''lit.'' At me *are* glasses.)}}
##: {{ex|rad|Venger rjes*-aș*.|I wear a hat. (''lit.'' On me *is* a hat.)}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} ''forms the continuous aspect'', to {{eng|be}} {{+|present adverbial participle}}
# {{label|rad|aux}} ''forms the perfective aspect'', to {{eng|have}} {{+|past adverbial participle}}


==== Usage notes ====
==== Usage notes ====
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the enclitic form {{m|rad|-at}} can be used.
* When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the form {{m|rad|-at}} can be used.
* The verb {{m|rad|vat}} does not have a connegative form.
* The verb {{m|rad|vat}} does not have a connegative form.
** For negations of {{m|rad|vat}} in all senses, the verb {{m|rad|hjeat}} is used.
** For negations of {{m|rad|vat}} in all senses, the verb {{m|rad|hjeat}} is used.
* Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
* Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
** The singular depersonal form also does not exist: {{m|rad|gje}} is used in emphatic contexts.
* The verbal noun {{m|rad|hovaș}} tends to refer to identities, whereas {{m|rad|rnataș}} refers to states.
* The verbal noun {{m|rad|hovaș}} tends to refer to identities, whereas {{m|rad|rnataș}} refers to states.
* Past forms in ''hâl-'' are the most common.
* Past forms in ''hâl-'' are the most common.
** Past forms in ''rnos-'' are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.
** Past forms in ''rnos-'' are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.
* When used in the sense of ''to {{eng|wear}}'', the preposition {{m|rad|yn|t=at}} is typically used for most clothes, apart from headwear which are collocated with {{m|rad|er|t=on}}.


==== Conjugation ====
==== Conjugation ====
{{rad-conj|vat|vag|hâl|rnasti|rnat|vnoun=hovaș|3s=vaș|r=var|t=intr|altvnoun=rnataș|altpst=rnos|altapst=rnosa|check=1}}
{{rad-conj|vat|vag|hâl*|rnasti*|rnat*|vnoun=hovaș*|3s=vaș|r=var|t=intr|altvnoun=rnataș*|altpst=rnos*|altapst=rnosa*|depers=gje*}}


==== Translations ====
==== Translations ====

Latest revision as of 17:04, 13 October 2024

Laefevian

Etymology

From Proto-Laefevic *bʱatah, from Proto-Laenkean *bʱatas (“eye”).

Pronunciation

Noun

vat (nominative dual vatund, nominative plural vatir, veður)

  1. (anatomy) eye
    Jans vat vi šuñǧas.
    My left eye hurts.
    Leskuljet ennos êþes veði.
    Leskuljet has blue eyes.
  2. (botany) sprout on a potato
    Kêð êrkykši ennos lue vatas.
    This potato has five sprouts.

Usage notes

  • There are two possible plural forms: vatir and veður. The form veður is used when referring to the organ collectively, and the form vatir is used for other meanings, including artificial eyes.
  • The dual form is used when referring specifically to both eyes when talking about the organ.

Declension

Primary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
singular dual plural
nominative vat vatund vatir
accusative vate vatundi vati
genitive vatau vatundas vatas, vatiras†
dative vatun vatundon vatirons, vatonc
locative vatul vatundos vatiross, vatosc
instrumental vatô vatundêt vatirêts, vatêtc
Note: † archaic, s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Secondary case declension of vat (see Laefevian declension)  
accusative-based cases singular dual plural
sublative vatere vatundire vatire
illative vatele vatundile vatile
benefactive vatear vatundiar vatiar
prolative vatekwe vatundikwe vatikwe
causal-final vatedis vatundirris vatirris
genitive-based cases singular dual plural
delative vatôka vatundirka vatirka
elative vatôtan vatundirtan vatirtan
ablative vataôn vatundiruôn vatiruôn
essive vatôjøn vatundirjøn vatirjøn
abessive vatôze vatundirse vatirse
dative-based cases singular dual plural
terminative vatumas vatundirmas vatirmas
lative vatunši vatundirši vatirši
locative-based cases singular dual plural
superessive vatuneres, vatunerc vatundirorres, vatundorrec vatirorres, vatorrec
inessive vatulle vatundirolles, vatundollec vatirolles, vatollec
exessive vatunun vatundirsun vatirsun
perlative vatuffêl vatundirfêl vatirfêl
instrumental-based cases singular dual plural
translative vatôske vatundirêskes, vatundêskec vatirêskes, vatêskec
comitative vatôsôds, vatôdc vatundirtôds, vatundôdc vatirtôd
Note: s standard or formal, c colloquial or informal.
Possessive forms of vat  
possessor singular dual plural
1st person ovvat þevvat avvat
2nd person ivvat filvat sôvvat
3rd person javvat lunvat lavvat
reflexive yvvat
Possessive forms of veður  
possessor singular dual plural
1st person ovveður þevveður avveður
2nd person ivveður filveður sôvveður
3rd person javveður lunveður lavveður
reflexive yvveður

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

eye (organ)

Radestrian

Alternative forms

  • -at (enclitic form)

Etymology

From Middle Radestrian hvatt, from Old Radestrian hlatt, inherited from Proto-Radic *hılht, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄ɯl-. from Proto-Laenkean *pɯl-, Suppleted forms from Old Radestrian rnatht, from Proto-Hirdic *snat-, from Proto-Laenkean *(s)natʼ-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vat/
    • As a predicating verb, it is a phonological enclitic when directly following the predicate, regardless of spelling. This means that vancí vagú (“they are ill”), although primarily stressed as two separate words, constitutes one phonological word, i.e. /ˈvantsiːvaɡuː/, not */ˈvantsiː ˈvaɡuː/ or */vanˈtsiːvaɡuː/).
      • This means that its forms as an enclitic can acquire light phonetic secondary stress on the ult (or penult if long) for most speakers, i.e. [ˈvantsiːvaˌɡuː], which also contributes to modern Radestrian poetics. Compare vagú when it is not an enclitic, which is stressed as /ˈvaɡuː/. It is worth noting, however, that the rules for phonetic secondary stress placement are more complex.
  • Rhyme: -at (2)

Verb

vat (first-person singular non-past vage, third-person singular non-past vaș, first-person singular past hâlei, rnosei, present adverbial participle rnastivú, past adverbial participle rnatúl, verbal noun hovaș, rnataș)

  1. (copulative) to be [equivalence with nominative]
    Antonym: hjeat
    Vâs voí asmeșír-aș!
    He’s just a boy!
  2. (copulative) characteristic predication [with adjective]
    Ú þyriș-age.
    I am German.
  3. (copulative) stative predication [with adverb]
    Ú ỉ vage.
    I am hot. / I feel hot.
  4. (intransitive)
    1. to exist, there to be
      Þrane vagú la virșa dziun!
      There are animals in my house!
    2. to have [with nominative (the possessed) and dative (possessor)]
      Ven dzínis-aș.
      I have a daughter. (lit. To me there is a daughter.)
  5. (intransitive, stative)
    1. to be (in a place, at a time)
      U haldzỉr teral-âleș.
      The architect was here.
    2. to wear (clothing) [with nominative ‘what’ and yn (+ dative) ‘who’ or er (+ dative) ‘who’ (headwear)]
      Venyn erváte vagú.
      I wear glasses. (lit. At me are glasses.)
      Venger rjes-aș.
      I wear a hat. (lit. On me is a hat.)
  6. (auxiliary) forms the continuous aspect, to be [with present adverbial participle]
  7. (auxiliary) forms the perfective aspect, to have [with past adverbial participle]

Usage notes

  • When introducing a predicate ending in a consonant, the form -at can be used.
  • The verb vat does not have a connegative form.
    • For negations of vat in all senses, the verb hjeat is used.
  • Indicative non-past depersonal forms are only used emphatically. Otherwise, they are elided.
    • The singular depersonal form also does not exist: gje is used in emphatic contexts.
  • The verbal noun hovaș tends to refer to identities, whereas rnataș refers to states.
  • Past forms in hâl- are the most common.
    • Past forms in rnos- are used mainly to imply a contrast between the past and the present.

Conjugation

Conjugation of vat (active voice, irregular△)  
nonfinite forms
infinitive vat
/vat/
connegative vat does not have a connegative
supine vatúr
/ˈvatuːr/
participle present adjectival rnastiș△
/ˈrnastiʃ/
adverbial rnastivú△
/ˈrnastivuː/
past adjectival rnatúș△
/ˈrnatuːʃ/
adverbial rnatúl△
/ˈrnatuːl/
verbal noun hovaș△, rnataș△
/ˈhɔvaʃ/ /ˈrnataʃ/
finite forms singular plural humble
first second third depersonal first second third depersonal second
informal formal inclusive exclusive
ú re lește vâs, vara gjei, gjen, gjeș … dzun, sted dzate sjáște vír, vara gjes, gjete, gje, gjen … sja, lai
simple imperative vaga
/ˈvaɡa/		 vagúș
/ˈvaɡuːʃ/		 vaguoș
/ˈvaɡuoʃ/		 vagovú
/ˈvaɡɔvuː/		 vagúr
/ˈvaɡuːr/
indicative non-past vage
/ˈvaɡɛ/		 vaș
/vaʃ/		 gje△
/jɛ/		 vaguos
/ˈvaɡuos/		 vaguote
/vaˈɡuotɛ/		 vagú
/ˈvaɡuː/		 vagún
/ˈvaɡuːn/
past hâlei△, rnosei△
/ˈhɤlei/ /ˈrnɔsei/		 hâlen△, rnosen△
/ˈhɤlɛn/ /ˈrnɔsɛn/		 hâleș△, rnoseș△
/ˈhɤlɛʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛʃ/		 hâle△, rnose△
/ˈhɤlɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛ/		 hâluos△, rnosuos△
/ˈhɤluos/ /ˈrnɔsuos/		 hâluote△, rnosuote△
/hɤˈluotɛ/ /rnɔˈsuotɛ/		 hâlú△, rnosú△
/ˈhɤluː/ /ˈrnɔsuː/		 hâlún△, rnosún△
/ˈhɤluːn/ /ˈrnɔsuːn/
subjunctive non-past vagai
/ˈvaɡai/		 vagá
/ˈvaɡaː/		 vagaș
/ˈvaɡaʃ/		 vaga
/ˈvaɡa/		 vagavuos
/ˈvaɡavuos/		 vagavuote
/ˈvaɡavuotɛ/		 vagavú
/ˈvaɡavuː/		 vagavún
/ˈvaɡavuːn/
past hâlai△, rnosai△
/ˈhɤlai/ /ˈrnɔsai/		 hâlain△, rnosain△
/ˈhɤlain/ /ˈrnɔsain/		 hâlaiș△, rnosaiș△
/ˈhɤlaiʃ/ /ˈrnɔsaiʃ/		 hâlai△, rnosai△
/ˈhɤlai/ /ˈrnɔsai/		 hâlavuos△, rnosavuos△
/ˈhɤlavuos/ /ˈrnɔsavuos/		 hâlavuote△, rnosavuote△
/ˈhɤlavuotɛ/ /ˈrnɔsavuotɛ/		 hâlavú△, rnosavú△
/ˈhɤlavuː/ /ˈrnɔsavuː/		 hâlavún△, rnosavún△
/ˈhɤlavuːn/ /ˈrnɔsavuːn/
optative non-past vagúe
/vaˈɡuːɛ/		 vagova
/ˈvaɡɔva/		 vagúș
/ˈvaɡuːʃ/		 vagú
/ˈvaɡuː/		 vagovuos
/ˈvaɡɔvuos/		 vagovuote
/ˈvaɡɔvuotɛ/		 vagovú
/ˈvaɡɔvuː/		 vagovún
/ˈvaɡɔvuːn/
past hâlevei△, rnosevei△
/ˈhɤlɛvei/ /ˈrnɔsɛvei/		 hâleven△, rnoseven△
/ˈhɤlɛvɛn/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛn/		 hâleveș△, rnoseveș△
/ˈhɤlɛvɛʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛʃ/		 hâleve△, rnoseve△
/ˈhɤlɛvɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvɛ/		 hâlevuos△, rnosevuos△
/ˈhɤlɛvuos/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuos/		 hâlevuote△, rnosevuote△
/ˈhɤlɛvuotɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuotɛ/		 hâlevú△, rnosevú△
/ˈhɤlɛvuː/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuː/		 hâlevún△, rnosevún△
/ˈhɤlɛvuːn/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːn/
habitual indicative non-past variè
/ˈvari.ɛ/		 varin
/ˈvarin/		 variș
/ˈvariʃ/		 vari
/ˈvari/		 vagúris
/vaˈɡuːris/		 vagúrite
/vaˈɡuːritɛ/		 vagúri
/vaˈɡuːri/		 vagúrin
/vaˈɡuːrin/
past hâleriè△, rnoseriè△
/hɤˈlɛri.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsɛri.ɛ/		 hâlerin△, rnoserin△
/ˈhɤlɛrin/ /ˈrnɔsɛrin/		 hâleriș△, rnoseriș△
/ˈhɤlɛriʃ/ /ˈrnɔsɛriʃ/		 hâleri△, rnoseri△
/ˈhɤlɛri/ /ˈrnɔsɛri/		 hâlúris△, rnosúris△
/hɤˈluːris/ /rnɔˈsuːris/		 hâlúrite△, rnosúrite△
/hɤˈluːritɛ/ /rnɔˈsuːritɛ/		 hâlúri△, rnosúri△
/hɤˈluːri/ /rnɔˈsuːri/		 hâlúrin△, rnosúrin△
/hɤˈluːrin/ /rnɔˈsuːrin/
subjunctive non-past vagariè
/vaˈɡari.ɛ/		 vagarin
/ˈvaɡarin/		 vagariș
/ˈvaɡariʃ/		 vagari
/ˈvaɡari/		 vagavúris
/ˈvaɡavuːris/		 vagavúrite
/ˈvaɡavuːritɛ/		 vagavúri
/ˈvaɡavuːri/		 vagavúrin
/ˈvaɡavuːrin/
past hâlairiè△, rnosairiè△
/hɤˈlairi.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsairi.ɛ/		 hâlairin△, rnosairin△
/hɤˈlairin/ /rnɔˈsairin/		 hâlairiș△, rnosairiș△
/hɤˈlairiʃ/ /rnɔˈsairiʃ/		 hâlairi△, rnosairi△
/hɤˈlairi/ /rnɔˈsairi/		 hâlavúris△, rnosavúris△
/ˈhɤlavuːris/ /ˈrnɔsavuːris/		 hâlavúrite△, rnosavúrite△
/ˈhɤlavuːritɛ/ /ˈrnɔsavuːritɛ/		 hâlavúri△, rnosavúri△
/ˈhɤlavuːri/ /ˈrnɔsavuːri/		 hâlavúrin△, rnosavúrin△
/ˈhɤlavuːrin/ /ˈrnɔsavuːrin/
optative non-past vagúriè
/vaˈɡuːri.ɛ/		 vagúrin
/vaˈɡuːrin/		 vagúriș
/vaˈɡuːriʃ/		 vagúri
/vaˈɡuːri/		 vagovúris
/ˈvaɡɔvuːris/		 vagovúrite
/ˈvaɡɔvuːritɛ/		 vagovúri
/ˈvaɡɔvuːri/		 vagovúrin
/ˈvaɡɔvuːrin/
past hâleveriè△, rnoseveriè△
/hɤˈlɛvɛri.ɛ/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛri.ɛ/		 hâleverin△, rnoseverin△
/hɤˈlɛvɛrin/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛrin/		 hâleveriș△, rnoseveriș△
/hɤˈlɛvɛriʃ/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛriʃ/		 hâleveri△, rnoseveri△
/hɤˈlɛvɛri/ /rnɔˈsɛvɛri/		 hâlevúris△, rnosevúris△
/ˈhɤlɛvuːris/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːris/		 hâlevúrite△, rnosevúrite△
/ˈhɤlɛvuːritɛ/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːritɛ/		 hâlevúri△, rnosevúri△
/ˈhɤlɛvuːri/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːri/		 hâlevúrin△, rnosevúrin△
/ˈhɤlɛvuːrin/ /ˈrnɔsɛvuːrin/
Compound forms of vat (active voice)  
singular plural humble
first second third depersonal first second third depersonal second
informal formal inclusive exclusive
ú re lește vâs, vara gjei, gjen, gjeș … dzun, sted dzate sjáște vír, vara gjes, gjete, gje, gjen … sja, lai
continuous infinitive rnastivú vat△
indicative non-past rnastivú vage△ rnastivú vaga△ rnastivú vaș△ rnastivú△ rnastivú vaguos△ rnastivú vaguote△ rnastivú vagú△ rnastivú△ rnastivú vagún△
past rnastivú hâlei△ rnastivú hâlen△ rnastivú hâleș△ rnastivú hâle△ rnastivú hâluos△ rnastivú hâluote△ rnastivú hâlú△ rnastivú hâlún△
subjunctive non-past rnastivú vagai△ rnastivú vagá△ rnastivú vagaș△ rnastivú vaga△ rnastivú vagavuos△ rnastivú vagavuote△ rnastivú vagavú△ rnastivú vagavún△
past rnastivú hâlai△ rnastivú hâlain△ rnastivú hâlaiș△ rnastivú hâlai△ rnastivú hâlavuos△ rnastivú hâlavuote△ rnastivú hâlavú△ rnastivú hâlavún△
optative non-past rnastivú vagúe△ rnastivú vagova△ rnastivú vagúș△ rnastivú vagú△ rnastivú vagovuos△ rnastivú vagovuote△ rnastivú vagovú△ rnastivú vagovún△
past rnastivú hâlevei△ rnastivú hâleven△ rnastivú hâleveș△ rnastivú hâleve△ rnastivú hâlevuos△ rnastivú hâlevuote△ rnastivú hâlevú△ rnastivú hâlevún△
perfective infinitive rnatúl-at△
indicative perfect rnatúl-age△ rnatúl-aga△ rnatúl-aș△ rnatúl△ rnatúl-aguos△ rnatúl-aguote△ rnatúl-agú△ rnatúl△ rnatúl-agún△
pluperfect rnatúl-âlei△ rnatúl-âlen△ rnatúl-âleș△ rnatúl-âle△ rnatúl-âluos△ rnatúl-âluote△ rnatúl-âlú△ rnatúl-âlún△
subjunctive perfect rnatúl-agai△ rnatúl-agá△ rnatúl-agaș△ rnatúl-aga△ rnatúl-agavuos△ rnatúl-agavuote△ rnatúl-agavú△ rnatúl-agavún△
pluperfect rnatúl-âlai△ rnatúl-âlain△ rnatúl-âlaiș△ rnatúl-âlai△ rnatúl-âlavuos△ rnatúl-âlavuote△ rnatúl-âlavú△ rnatúl-âlavún△
optative perfect rnatúl-agúe△ rnatúl-agova△ rnatúl-agúș△ rnatúl-agú△ rnatúl-agovuos△ rnatúl-agovuote△ rnatúl-agovú△ rnatúl-agovún△
pluperfect rnatúl-âlevei△ rnatúl-âleven△ rnatúl-âleveș△ rnatúl-âleve△ rnatúl-âlevuos△ rnatúl-âlevuote△ rnatúl-âlevú△ rnatúl-âlevún△
Negative compound forms of vat (active voice)
continuous infinitive rnastivú hjeat△
indicative non-past rnastivú hjei△ rnastivú hjeà△ rnastivú hjeaș△ rnastivú hje△ rnastivú hjeuos△ rnastivú hjeuote△ rnastivú hjeú△ rnastivú hjeún△
past rnastivú húei△ rnastivú húen△ rnastivú húeș△ rnastivú húe△ rnastivú hủos△ rnastivú hủote△ rnastivú hủ△ rnastivú hủn△
subjunctive non-past rnastivú hjeai△ rnastivú hjeá△ rnastivú hjeàș△ rnastivú hjeà△ rnastivú hjeàvuos△ rnastivú hjeàvuote△ rnastivú hjeàvú△ rnastivú hjeàvún△
past rnastivú húai△ rnastivú húain△ rnastivú húaiș△ rnastivú húai△ rnastivú húavuos△ rnastivú húavuote△ rnastivú húavú△ rnastivú húavún△
optative non-past rnastivú hjeúe△ rnastivú hjeova△ rnastivú hjeúș△ rnastivú hjeú△ rnastivú hjeovuos△ rnastivú hjeovuote△ rnastivú hjeovú△ rnastivú hjeovún△
past rnastivú húevei△ rnastivú húeven△ rnastivú húeveș△ rnastivú húeve△ rnastivú húevuos△ rnastivú húevuote△ rnastivú húevú△ rnastivú húevún△
perfective infinitive rnatúl hjeat△
indicative perfect rnatúl hjei△ rnatúl hjeà△ rnatúl hjeaș△ rnatúl hje△ rnatúl hjeuos△ rnatúl hjeuote△ rnatúl hjeú△ rnatúl hjeún△
pluperfect rnatúl-úei△ rnatúl-úen△ rnatúl-úeș△ rnatúl-úe△ rnatúl-ủos△ rnatúl-ủote△ rnatúl-ủ△ rnatúl-ủn△
subjunctive perfect rnatúl hjeai△ rnatúl hjeá△ rnatúl hjeàș△ rnatúl hjeà△ rnatúl hjeàvuos△ rnatúl hjeàvuote△ rnatúl hjeàvú△ rnatúl hjeàvún△
pluperfect rnatúl-úai△ rnatúl-úain△ rnatúl-úaiș△ rnatúl-úai△ rnatúl-úavuos△ rnatúl-úavuote△ rnatúl-úavú△ rnatúl-úavún△
optative perfect rnatúl hjeúe△ rnatúl hjeova△ rnatúl hjeúș△ rnatúl hjeú△ rnatúl hjeovuos△ rnatúl hjeovuote△ rnatúl hjeovú△ rnatúl hjeovún△
pluperfect rnatúl-úevei△ rnatúl-úeven△ rnatúl-úeveș△ rnatúl-úeve△ rnatúl-úevuos△ rnatúl-úevuote△ rnatúl-úevú△ rnatúl-úevún△

Translations

equivalence copula
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